Mexico’s economic disparity compared to the United States is a complex issue rooted in historical, geographical, and political factors. While Mexico appears geographically fortified, certain weaknesses have historically hindered its development and contributed to its relative poverty compared to its northern neighbor.
Mexico’s Geographical Fortress and its Achilles’ Heel
Mexico’s central plateau, surrounded by oceans and formidable mountain ranges, creates a natural fortress. The Sierra Madre Occidental’s steep slopes, formed by the subduction of the Cocos Plate under the North American Plate, further enhance this defensive landscape. Arid deserts to the north and dense jungles to the south provide additional barriers.
However, this seemingly impenetrable geography has a critical weakness: Veracruz. For centuries, Veracruz was Mexico’s sole major port on the Gulf of Mexico due to its relatively deep waters.
Yet, Veracruz is not a naturally well-defended harbor. Historical accounts describe it as insecure and vulnerable. Furthermore, the surrounding sparsely populated jungle region limits the port’s economic activity.
Veracruz’s proximity to Mexico City, the nation’s capital, also poses a significant vulnerability. The relatively short distance between the port and the capital has historically facilitated invasions. Throughout history, Mexico has been invaded via Veracruz six times, with the capital falling three times.
The Impact of a Powerful Neighbor
Mexico’s geopolitical situation is further complicated by its powerful northern neighbor, the United States. The US controls key strategic locations in the region, including Florida and exerts significant influence over Cuba. Its dominance of global sea lanes adds another layer to Mexico’s strategic challenges.
Historically, the US has played a significant role in shaping Mexico’s destiny, from supporting Texan independence to acquiring vast territories from Mexico in the 19th century. The US’s geographical advantages, particularly the resource-rich Mississippi River Basin, have contributed to its economic and military might.
These historical and geographical factors have placed Mexico in a subordinate position relative to the US, impacting its economic development. While geography explains some of Mexico’s vulnerabilities, it doesn’t fully account for the significant economic gap between the two nations. Other crucial factors, such as institutional quality, corruption, and social inequality, also play a crucial role in understanding why Mexico remains poorer than the US.
