Comparing enums in Java is a common task, and it’s essential to understand the best ways to do it efficiently and safely. At COMPARE.EDU.VN, we provide a comprehensive guide to help you master enum comparisons, ensuring robust and error-free code. This article explores various methods, provides practical examples, and highlights best practices for comparing enums effectively, so you can make well-informed decisions when coding with enums. Learn about enum constants, enum types, and null-safe comparisons.
1. Understanding Enums in Java
Before diving into comparisons, it’s crucial to understand what enums are and why they are useful. Enums (enumerations) are a special data type that represents a group of constants. They enhance type safety, readability, and maintainability in your code.
1.1. What is an Enum?
An enum is a class that represents a group of constants. It is declared using the enum keyword and can contain constants, methods, and fields.
enum Day {
SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, FRIDAY, SATURDAY
}In this example, Day is an enum with seven constants representing the days of the week.
1.2. Why Use Enums?
- Type Safety: Enums ensure that a variable can only hold a predefined set of values, preventing errors caused by invalid inputs.
- Readability: Enums make code more readable by using meaningful names for constants, instead of raw integers or strings.
- Maintainability: When the set of constants changes, you only need to update the enum definition, rather than searching and replacing values throughout your code.
- Integration: Enums are easily integrated with switch statements, loops, and other control structures.
1.3. Basic Enum Operations
Enums support several basic operations:
- Declaration: Declaring an enum with its constants.
- Initialization: Assigning an enum constant to a variable.
- Iteration: Looping through all the constants in an enum.
enum Status {
OPEN, CLOSED, IN_PROGRESS
}
public class EnumExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Status myStatus = Status.OPEN;
// Iterating through enum constants
for (Status s : Status.values()) {
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}2. Methods for Comparing Enums in Java
Java offers several ways to compare enums, each with its own advantages and considerations. The primary methods include compareTo(), equals(), and the == operator.
2.1. Using compareTo() Method
The compareTo() method is inherited from the Comparable interface and compares the ordinal values of the enum constants. The ordinal value represents the position of the enum constant in the enum declaration (starting from 0).
2.1.1. How compareTo() Works
The compareTo() method returns:
- A negative integer if the enum constant is less than the specified object.
- A positive integer if the enum constant is greater than the specified object.
- Zero if the enum constant is equal to the specified object.
enum Priority {
LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH
}
public class CompareToExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Priority p1 = Priority.MEDIUM;
Priority p2 = Priority.HIGH;
int result = p1.compareTo(p2);
if (result < 0) {
System.out.println(p1 + " is less than " + p2);
} else if (result > 0) {
System.out.println(p1 + " is greater than " + p2);
} else {
System.out.println(p1 + " is equal to " + p2);
}
}
}In this example, compareTo() compares the ordinal values of MEDIUM (1) and HIGH (2). Since 1 is less than 2, the output will be “MEDIUM is less than HIGH”.
2.1.2. Advantages of compareTo()
- Ordering: Useful when you need to determine the order of enum constants.
- Consistency: Provides a consistent way to compare enums based on their declaration order.
2.1.3. Disadvantages of compareTo()
- Ordinal Dependence: Relies on the ordinal values, which can be problematic if the enum declaration order changes.
- Not Null-Safe: Can throw a
NullPointerExceptionif comparing with a null value.
2.2. Using equals() Method
The equals() method checks if two enum constants are the same instance. It returns true if the constants are equal and false otherwise.
2.2.1. How equals() Works
The equals() method is overridden in the Enum class to provide a specific comparison for enum constants. It essentially performs an identity comparison.
enum Color {
RED, GREEN, BLUE
}
public class EqualsExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Color c1 = Color.RED;
Color c2 = Color.RED;
Color c3 = Color.BLUE;
System.out.println(c1.equals(c2)); // Output: true
System.out.println(c1.equals(c3)); // Output: false
}
}In this example, equals() checks if c1 and c2 refer to the same enum constant (RED), which is true. When comparing c1 and c3, it returns false because they refer to different enum constants (RED and BLUE).
2.2.2. Advantages of equals()
- Simplicity: Easy to understand and use.
- Clarity: Clearly indicates whether two enum constants are the same.
2.2.3. Disadvantages of equals()
- Not Null-Safe: Can throw a
NullPointerExceptionif one of the enums is null. - Limited Functionality: Only checks for equality, not order.
2.3. Using == Operator
The == operator checks if two enum constants are the same instance in memory. It is generally the preferred way to compare enums because it is null-safe and efficient.
2.3.1. How == Operator Works
The == operator compares the references of the two enum constants. Since enums are singletons (only one instance of each constant exists), == effectively checks if the two variables refer to the same enum constant.
enum Size {
SMALL, MEDIUM, LARGE
}
public class EqualityOperatorExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Size s1 = Size.MEDIUM;
Size s2 = Size.MEDIUM;
Size s3 = Size.LARGE;
System.out.println(s1 == s2); // Output: true
System.out.println(s1 == s3); // Output: false
Size s4 = null;
System.out.println(s4 == Size.SMALL); // Output: false (null-safe)
}
}In this example, == checks if s1 and s2 refer to the same enum constant (MEDIUM), which is true. When comparing s1 and s3, it returns false because they refer to different enum constants (MEDIUM and LARGE).
2.3.2. Advantages of == Operator
- Null-Safe: Does not throw a
NullPointerExceptionwhen comparing with a null value. - Efficiency: Fast and efficient comparison.
- Readability: Clear and concise syntax.
2.3.3. Disadvantages of == Operator
- Limited Functionality: Only checks for equality, not order.
- Potential Confusion: Might be confused with
equals()method, but it’s more efficient for enums.
3. Practical Examples of Enum Comparison
To illustrate the use of different enum comparison methods, let’s explore several practical examples.
3.1. Comparing Task Status
Consider an enum representing the status of a task:
enum TaskStatus {
PENDING, IN_PROGRESS, COMPLETED, FAILED
}You can use enums to manage the state of a task in a workflow:
public class Task {
private TaskStatus status;
public Task(TaskStatus status) {
this.status = status;
}
public void setStatus(TaskStatus status) {
this.status = status;
}
public TaskStatus getStatus() {
return status;
}
public boolean isCompleted() {
return status == TaskStatus.COMPLETED;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Task myTask = new Task(TaskStatus.PENDING);
System.out.println("Task status: " + myTask.getStatus());
myTask.setStatus(TaskStatus.IN_PROGRESS);
System.out.println("Task status: " + myTask.getStatus());
if (myTask.getStatus().equals(TaskStatus.IN_PROGRESS)) {
System.out.println("Task is currently in progress.");
}
myTask.setStatus(TaskStatus.COMPLETED);
System.out.println("Task status: " + myTask.getStatus());
if (myTask.isCompleted()) {
System.out.println("Task is completed.");
}
}
}In this example, the == operator and the equals() method are used to check the status of a task. The == operator is used in the isCompleted() method for its null-safe and efficient comparison.
3.2. Comparing User Roles
Enums can be used to represent user roles in an application:
enum UserRole {
ADMIN, EDITOR, VIEWER
}You can compare user roles to determine access levels:
public class User {
private UserRole role;
public User(UserRole role) {
this.role = role;
}
public UserRole getRole() {
return role;
}
public boolean isAdmin() {
return role == UserRole.ADMIN;
}
public boolean canEdit() {
return role == UserRole.ADMIN || role == UserRole.EDITOR;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
User user1 = new User(UserRole.VIEWER);
User user2 = new User(UserRole.ADMIN);
System.out.println("User 1 is admin: " + user1.isAdmin());
System.out.println("User 1 can edit: " + user1.canEdit());
System.out.println("User 2 is admin: " + user2.isAdmin());
System.out.println("User 2 can edit: " + user2.canEdit());
if (user1.getRole().compareTo(UserRole.EDITOR) < 0) {
System.out.println("User 1 has lower privileges than an editor.");
}
}
}In this example, the == operator is used to check if a user has a specific role. The compareTo() method is used to compare the privileges of a user relative to another role.
3.3. Comparing Order Priority
Enums can represent the priority of an order:
enum OrderPriority {
LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH, URGENT
}You can compare order priorities to manage order processing:
public class Order {
private OrderPriority priority;
public Order(OrderPriority priority) {
this.priority = priority;
}
public OrderPriority getPriority() {
return priority;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Order order1 = new Order(OrderPriority.MEDIUM);
Order order2 = new Order(OrderPriority.HIGH);
if (order1.getPriority().compareTo(order2.getPriority()) < 0) {
System.out.println("Order 1 has lower priority than Order 2.");
} else {
System.out.println("Order 1 has higher or equal priority than Order 2.");
}
}
}In this example, the compareTo() method is used to determine which order has higher priority.
4. Best Practices for Comparing Enums
To ensure efficient and safe enum comparisons, follow these best practices:
4.1. Prefer == Operator for Equality Checks
The == operator is the recommended way to check for equality between enum constants. It is null-safe, efficient, and provides clear syntax.
enum Status {
ACTIVE, INACTIVE
}
public class BestPracticeExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Status s1 = Status.ACTIVE;
Status s2 = Status.INACTIVE;
if (s1 == Status.ACTIVE) {
System.out.println("Status is active.");
}
if (s2 != Status.ACTIVE) {
System.out.println("Status is not active.");
}
}
}4.2. Use equals() Method When Object Comparison is Needed
While the == operator is generally preferred for enum comparisons, the equals() method can be useful when you need to compare an enum with a generic Object.
enum State {
ON, OFF
}
public class EqualsWithObject {
public static void main(String[] args) {
State state = State.ON;
Object obj = State.ON;
if (state.equals(obj)) {
System.out.println("State and object are equal.");
}
}
}4.3. Avoid Relying on Ordinal Values
Relying on the ordinal values of enums can lead to issues if the enum declaration order changes. Instead, use the == operator or equals() method for equality checks. If you need to determine the order of enums, consider adding a custom field to represent the order explicitly.
enum Level {
LOW(1), MEDIUM(2), HIGH(3);
private final int levelCode;
Level(int levelCode) {
this.levelCode = levelCode;
}
public int getLevelCode() {
return levelCode;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Level l1 = Level.MEDIUM;
Level l2 = Level.HIGH;
if (l1.getLevelCode() < l2.getLevelCode()) {
System.out.println("Level 1 is lower than Level 2.");
}
}
}4.4. Handle Null Values Carefully
When comparing enums, always handle null values to avoid NullPointerException errors. The == operator is null-safe, but the equals() method and compareTo() method are not.
enum Option {
YES, NO
}
public class NullSafeComparison {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Option option1 = null;
Option option2 = Option.YES;
if (option1 == null) {
System.out.println("Option 1 is null.");
}
if (option2 != null && option2.equals(Option.YES)) {
System.out.println("Option 2 is YES.");
}
}
}4.5. Use EnumSet and EnumMap for Efficient Operations
For operations involving multiple enum constants, consider using EnumSet and EnumMap. These classes provide efficient implementations for sets and maps that use enums as elements or keys.
import java.util.EnumSet;
enum Permission {
READ, WRITE, EXECUTE
}
public class EnumSetExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
EnumSet<Permission> permissions = EnumSet.of(Permission.READ, Permission.WRITE);
if (permissions.contains(Permission.READ)) {
System.out.println("Permissions include READ.");
}
}
}4.6. Document Enum Constants Clearly
Provide clear and concise documentation for each enum constant to explain its purpose and usage. This helps improve the readability and maintainability of your code.
/**
* Represents the different states of a product.
*/
enum ProductState {
/**
* The product is available for sale.
*/
AVAILABLE,
/**
* The product is out of stock.
*/
OUT_OF_STOCK,
/**
* The product is discontinued.
*/
DISCONTINUED
}5. Advanced Enum Techniques
Beyond basic comparisons, enums offer advanced techniques that can further enhance your code.
5.1. Adding Custom Methods and Fields
Enums can include custom methods and fields, allowing you to associate additional behavior and data with each enum constant.
enum Planet {
MERCURY(3.303e+23, 2.4397e6),
VENUS(4.869e+24, 6.0518e6),
EARTH(5.976e+24, 6.37814e6);
private final double mass;
private final double radius;
Planet(double mass, double radius) {
this.mass = mass;
this.radius = radius;
}
public double getMass() {
return mass;
}
public double getRadius() {
return radius;
}
public double surfaceGravity() {
return 6.67300E-11 * mass / (radius * radius);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Planet earth = Planet.EARTH;
System.out.println("Earth's surface gravity: " + earth.surfaceGravity());
}
}In this example, the Planet enum includes custom fields for mass and radius, as well as a method to calculate surface gravity.
5.2. Implementing Interfaces
Enums can implement interfaces, allowing you to define a common behavior for all enum constants.
interface Operation {
double apply(double x, double y);
}
enum ArithmeticOperation implements Operation {
PLUS {
public double apply(double x, double y) {
return x + y;
}
},
MINUS {
public double apply(double x, double y) {
return x - y;
}
};
public abstract double apply(double x, double y);
public static void main(String[] args) {
double x = 5.0;
double y = 2.0;
System.out.println(ArithmeticOperation.PLUS.apply(x, y)); // Output: 7.0
System.out.println(ArithmeticOperation.MINUS.apply(x, y)); // Output: 3.0
}
}In this example, the ArithmeticOperation enum implements the Operation interface, providing a specific implementation for each enum constant.
5.3. Using Enums in Switch Statements
Enums work seamlessly with switch statements, providing a concise and readable way to handle different enum constants.
enum Signal {
GREEN, YELLOW, RED
}
public class SwitchExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Signal signal = Signal.YELLOW;
switch (signal) {
case GREEN:
System.out.println("Go!");
break;
case YELLOW:
System.out.println("Caution!");
break;
case RED:
System.out.println("Stop!");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid signal.");
}
}
}5.4. Creating Custom Enum Methods
You can create custom methods within enums to perform specific operations related to the enum constants. This enhances the encapsulation and readability of your code.
enum Temperature {
CELSIUS, FAHRENHEIT;
public double convertToCelsius(double value) {
if (this == FAHRENHEIT) {
return (value - 32) * 5 / 9;
} else {
return value;
}
}
public double convertToFahrenheit(double value) {
if (this == CELSIUS) {
return (value * 9 / 5) + 32;
} else {
return value;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
double celsiusValue = 25.0;
double fahrenheitValue = Temperature.CELSIUS.convertToFahrenheit(celsiusValue);
System.out.println(celsiusValue + "°C is " + fahrenheitValue + "°F");
}
}6. Common Mistakes to Avoid When Comparing Enums
When working with enums, it’s important to avoid common mistakes that can lead to errors or unexpected behavior.
6.1. Using == for Non-Enum Objects
The == operator should only be used for comparing enum constants. For non-enum objects, always use the equals() method to compare their values.
String str1 = new String("Hello");
String str2 = new String("Hello");
// Incorrect: Using == for String comparison
if (str1 == str2) {
System.out.println("Strings are equal (incorrect).");
} else {
System.out.println("Strings are not equal (as expected).");
}
// Correct: Using equals() for String comparison
if (str1.equals(str2)) {
System.out.println("Strings are equal (correct).");
} else {
System.out.println("Strings are not equal.");
}6.2. Ignoring Null Checks with equals()
Always perform null checks before using the equals() method to avoid NullPointerException errors.
enum ProductType {
BOOK, ELECTRONIC
}
public class NullCheckExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ProductType type1 = null;
ProductType type2 = ProductType.BOOK;
// Incorrect: Can throw NullPointerException
//if (type1.equals(type2)) {
// System.out.println("Types are equal.");
//}
// Correct: Null-safe comparison
if (type1 != null && type1.equals(type2)) {
System.out.println("Types are equal.");
} else {
System.out.println("Types are not equal or type1 is null.");
}
}
}6.3. Overusing compareTo() for Simple Equality Checks
The compareTo() method is useful for determining the order of enum constants, but it’s not necessary for simple equality checks. Use the == operator or equals() method instead.
enum TemperatureLevel {
COLD, MILD, HOT
}
public class CompareToOveruse {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TemperatureLevel level1 = TemperatureLevel.MILD;
TemperatureLevel level2 = TemperatureLevel.HOT;
// Inefficient: Using compareTo() for equality check
if (level1.compareTo(level2) == 0) {
System.out.println("Levels are equal (inefficient).");
}
// Efficient: Using == for equality check
if (level1 == level2) {
System.out.println("Levels are equal (efficient).");
}
}
}6.4. Neglecting Documentation
Failing to document enum constants can make your code harder to understand and maintain. Always provide clear and concise documentation for each enum constant.
/**
* Represents the different types of HTTP methods.
*/
enum HttpMethod {
/**
* The GET method retrieves data from the server.
*/
GET,
/**
* The POST method sends data to the server to create or update a resource.
*/
POST,
/**
* The PUT method replaces an existing resource with the provided data.
*/
PUT,
/**
* The DELETE method removes a resource from the server.
*/
DELETE
}7. The Role of Enums in Modern Java Development
Enums play a crucial role in modern Java development, enhancing code quality, readability, and maintainability. They are widely used in various applications and frameworks.
7.1. Use Cases in Enterprise Applications
In enterprise applications, enums are used to represent a variety of concepts, such as:
- Status Codes: Representing the status of a transaction, order, or process.
- User Roles: Defining different levels of access and permissions.
- Configuration Parameters: Managing application settings and options.
- State Machines: Implementing stateful behavior in complex systems.
enum TransactionStatus {
PENDING,
PROCESSING,
COMPLETED,
FAILED
}
public class Transaction {
private TransactionStatus status;
public Transaction(TransactionStatus status) {
this.status = status;
}
public void setStatus(TransactionStatus status) {
this.status = status;
}
public TransactionStatus getStatus() {
return status;
}
public boolean isCompleted() {
return status == TransactionStatus.COMPLETED;
}
}7.2. Integration with Frameworks
Many Java frameworks, such as Spring and Hibernate, leverage enums to simplify configuration and data management.
- Spring: Enums can be used in Spring configurations to define bean scopes, transaction isolation levels, and other settings.
- Hibernate: Enums can be mapped to database columns using JPA annotations, allowing you to persist enum values in a database.
import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.EnumType;
import javax.persistence.Enumerated;
import javax.persistence.Id;
@Entity
public class Product {
@Id
private Long id;
@Enumerated(EnumType.STRING)
private ProductType type;
public enum ProductType {
BOOK,
ELECTRONIC
}
}7.3. Benefits for Code Maintainability
Enums improve code maintainability by:
- Reducing Magic Numbers: Replacing hardcoded values with meaningful enum constants.
- Centralizing Constants: Defining all possible values in one place.
- Enforcing Type Safety: Preventing invalid values from being assigned to variables.
- Simplifying Refactoring: Making it easier to update and modify code when the set of constants changes.
enum ReportType {
DAILY,
WEEKLY,
MONTHLY
}
public class ReportGenerator {
public void generateReport(ReportType type) {
switch (type) {
case DAILY:
System.out.println("Generating daily report.");
break;
case WEEKLY:
System.out.println("Generating weekly report.");
break;
case MONTHLY:
System.out.println("Generating monthly report.");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Invalid report type.");
}
}
}8. Case Studies: Real-World Enum Usage
To further illustrate the practical applications of enums, let’s examine a few real-world case studies.
8.1. E-Commerce Application: Product Categories
In an e-commerce application, enums can be used to represent product categories:
enum ProductCategory {
ELECTRONICS,
BOOKS,
CLOTHING,
HOME_GOODS
}
public class Product {
private ProductCategory category;
public Product(ProductCategory category) {
this.category = category;
}
public ProductCategory getCategory() {
return category;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Product product = new Product(ProductCategory.ELECTRONICS);
System.out.println("Product category: " + product.getCategory());
}
}By using enums, the application can ensure that each product is assigned to a valid category, preventing data inconsistencies.
8.2. Banking System: Account Types
In a banking system, enums can be used to represent account types:
enum AccountType {
SAVINGS,
CHECKING,
CREDIT
}
public class Account {
private AccountType type;
public Account(AccountType type) {
this.type = type;
}
public AccountType getType() {
return type;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Account account = new Account(AccountType.SAVINGS);
System.out.println("Account type: " + account.getType());
}
}Enums help ensure that each account is created with a valid type, improving the reliability of the system.
8.3. Healthcare System: Medical Specialties
In a healthcare system, enums can be used to represent medical specialties:
enum MedicalSpecialty {
CARDIOLOGY,
DERMATOLOGY,
NEUROLOGY,
ONCOLOGY
}
public class Doctor {
private MedicalSpecialty specialty;
public Doctor(MedicalSpecialty specialty) {
this.specialty = specialty;
}
public MedicalSpecialty getSpecialty() {
return specialty;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Doctor doctor = new Doctor(MedicalSpecialty.CARDIOLOGY);
System.out.println("Doctor's specialty: " + doctor.getSpecialty());
}
}Enums ensure that each doctor is assigned to a valid specialty, facilitating efficient patient care management.
9. FAQ: Common Questions About Enum Comparison
9.1. Can I use enums as keys in a HashMap?
Yes, you can use enums as keys in a HashMap. However, for better performance and type safety, it is recommended to use EnumMap instead. EnumMap is specifically designed for enum keys and provides constant-time performance for most operations.
9.2. How do I iterate through all the values of an enum?
You can iterate through all the values of an enum using the values() method, which returns an array of all the enum constants.
enum Status {
OPEN, CLOSED, IN_PROGRESS
}
public class EnumIterationExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for (Status s : Status.values()) {
System.out.println(s);
}
}
}9.3. Are enums serializable in Java?
Yes, enums are serializable by default in Java. This means that you can serialize and deserialize enum instances without any additional code.
9.4. Can enums extend other classes?
No, enums cannot extend other classes. However, they can implement interfaces.
9.5. How do I convert a String to an enum value?
You can convert a String to an enum value using the valueOf() method. However, you need to handle the IllegalArgumentException that is thrown if the String does not match any enum constant.
enum Direction {
NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST
}
public class StringToEnumExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String directionString = "NORTH";
try {
Direction direction = Direction.valueOf(directionString);
System.out.println("Direction: " + direction);
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
System.out.println("Invalid direction string.");
}
}
}9.6. Can I define enums inside a class?
Yes, you can define enums inside a class. These are known as nested enums.
public class OuterClass {
enum InnerEnum {
VALUE1, VALUE2
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
InnerEnum value = InnerEnum.VALUE1;
System.out.println(value);
}
}9.7. How do I compare enums with different types?
You cannot directly compare enums with different types. You need to ensure that you are comparing enums of the same type.
9.8. What is the purpose of the EnumSet class?
The EnumSet class is a specialized set implementation for enums. It provides efficient storage and operations for sets of enum constants.
9.9. How do I add custom logic to an enum constant?
You can add custom logic to an enum constant by defining a method within the enum and providing a specific implementation for each constant.
enum Operation {
PLUS {
public double apply(double x, double y) {
return x + y;
}
},
MINUS {
public double apply(double x, double y) {
return x - y;
}
};
public abstract double apply(double x, double y);
}9.10. How to avoid NullPointerException when comparing enums?
Always use the == operator for enum comparisons, as it is null-safe. If you must use equals(), ensure you perform a null check before calling the method.
10. Conclusion: Mastering Enum Comparison in Java
Comparing enums in Java is a fundamental skill for writing robust and maintainable code. By understanding the different methods available (compareTo(), equals(), ==), following best practices, and avoiding common mistakes, you can ensure efficient and safe enum comparisons. At COMPARE.EDU.VN, we are dedicated to providing you with the knowledge and tools you need to excel in Java development. Whether you are working on enterprise applications, integrating with frameworks, or simply improving your coding skills, mastering enum comparison will undoubtedly enhance your capabilities.
For more detailed comparisons and resources, visit COMPARE.EDU.VN at 333 Comparison Plaza, Choice City, CA 90210, United States, or contact us via WhatsApp at +1 (626) 555-9090. Let us help you make informed decisions and optimize your code today!
Alt: Enum example demonstrating tutorials topics, showcasing a comparison in Java programming.
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