Can Java Chars Be Compared With: Methods & Examples

Can Java Chars Be Compared With? Yes, Java provides various methods for comparing characters, offering flexibility for different scenarios and data types. COMPARE.EDU.VN offers comprehensive comparisons of these methods, helping you choose the most efficient approach for your specific needs, ensuring optimal performance and accuracy. Dive into the nuances of character comparison in Java, exploring primitive comparisons and object comparisons using valuable insights.

1. Understanding Character Comparison in Java

Character comparison is a fundamental aspect of Java programming, enabling you to perform various tasks such as sorting strings, validating input, and implementing search algorithms. Java offers several ways to compare characters, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Understanding these methods and their underlying principles is crucial for writing efficient and reliable code. This comprehensive guide on COMPARE.EDU.VN will provide you with the knowledge and tools to make informed decisions about character comparison in your Java projects.

1.1. Why is Character Comparison Important?

Character comparison is crucial in numerous applications, including:

String Manipulation: Comparing characters is essential for tasks like sorting strings, searching for specific characters or patterns, and validating string formats.
Data Validation: Character comparison is used to ensure that user input or data from external sources conforms to specific criteria, such as validating email addresses or phone numbers.
Algorithm Implementation: Many algorithms, such as sorting algorithms and search algorithms, rely on character comparison to determine the relative order of elements.
Text Processing: Character comparison is fundamental to tasks like parsing text files, analyzing sentiment, and identifying keywords.

1.2. Types of Character Comparison in Java

Java offers two primary types of character comparison:

Primitive Character Comparison: This involves comparing primitive char data types using relational operators or the Character.compare() method.
Character Object Comparison: This involves comparing Character objects using methods like equals(), compareTo(), or charValue().

The choice between these types depends on whether you are working with primitive characters or Character objects. Understanding the nuances of each type is essential for accurate and efficient character comparison.

2. Comparing Primitive Characters in Java

Primitive characters in Java are represented by the char data type. Java provides several ways to compare these characters, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Let’s explore the common methods for comparing primitive characters in detail on COMPARE.EDU.VN.

2.1. Using the `Character.compare()` Method

The Character.compare() method is a static method that compares two char values numerically. It returns an integer value indicating the relative order of the characters:

0: If the characters are equal.
A negative value: If the first character is less than the second character.
A positive value: If the first character is greater than the second character.

This method provides a standardized and reliable way to compare characters, taking into account their Unicode values.

Example:

char char1 = 'a';
char char2 = 'b';

int result = Character.compare(char1, char2);

if (result == 0) {
    System.out.println("Characters are equal");
} else if (result < 0) {
    System.out.println("char1 is less than char2");
} else {
    System.out.println("char1 is greater than char2");
}

Explanation:

In this example, the Character.compare() method compares the characters ‘a’ and ‘b’. Since ‘a’ has a lower Unicode value than ‘b’, the method returns a negative value, indicating that char1 is less than char2.

Benefits of using Character.compare():

Standardized Approach: Provides a consistent and reliable way to compare characters.
Unicode Support: Handles Unicode characters correctly, ensuring accurate comparisons across different languages.
Readability: Improves code readability by clearly indicating the intent of character comparison.

2.2. Using Relational Operators (`<`, `>`, `==`, `!=`, `<=`, `>=`)

Java’s relational operators can also be used to compare primitive characters. These operators compare the Unicode values of the characters, returning a boolean value (true or false) based on the comparison.

Example:

char char1 = 'a';
char char2 = 'b';

if (char1 < char2) {
    System.out.println("char1 is less than char2");
}

if (char1 == char2) {
    System.out.println("Characters are equal");
}

if (char1 != char2) {
    System.out.println("Characters are not equal");
}

Explanation:

In this example, the relational operators <, ==, and != are used to compare the characters ‘a’ and ‘b’. The output reflects the relative order of the characters based on their Unicode values.

Benefits of using Relational Operators:

Simplicity: Provides a concise and straightforward way to compare characters.
Familiarity: Uses familiar operators that are commonly used for numerical comparisons.
Performance: Can be slightly faster than Character.compare() in some cases.

Limitations of using Relational Operators:

Limited Functionality: Only provides basic comparison operations (less than, greater than, equal to).
Potential for Errors: Can be prone to errors if not used carefully, especially when dealing with complex comparisons.

2.3. Using the `Character.hashCode()` Method

The Character.hashCode() method returns the hash code of a char value. While not directly intended for comparison, you can use it to check if two characters are equal. If two characters have the same hash code, they are equal. However, it is important to note that different characters can have the same hash code (hash collision), so this method is not a reliable way to determine if two characters are different.

Example:

char char1 = 'a';
char char2 = 'a';

if (Character.hashCode(char1) == Character.hashCode(char2)) {
    System.out.println("Characters are equal");
} else {
    System.out.println("Characters are not equal");
}

Explanation:

In this example, the Character.hashCode() method is used to compare the hash codes of the characters ‘a’ and ‘a’. Since the hash codes are equal, the output indicates that the characters are equal.

Limitations of using Character.hashCode():

Hash Collisions: Different characters can have the same hash code, leading to false positives.
Limited Functionality: Only provides a way to check for equality, not for relative order.
Not Recommended for General Comparison: Should not be used for general character comparison due to the risk of hash collisions.

3. Comparing Character Objects in Java

In Java, characters can also be represented as Character objects. Comparing Character objects requires different methods than comparing primitive char values. Let’s explore the common methods for comparing Character objects in detail on COMPARE.EDU.VN.

3.1. Using the `compare()` Method

The compare() method is a static method of the Character class that compares two Character objects numerically. It returns an integer value indicating the relative order of the characters, similar to the Character.compare() method for primitive characters.

0: If the characters are equal.
A negative value: If the first character is less than the second character.
A positive value: If the first character is greater than the second character.

Example:

Character char1 = new Character('a');
Character char2 = new Character('b');

int result = Character.compare(char1, char2);

if (result == 0) {
    System.out.println("Characters are equal");
} else if (result < 0) {
    System.out.println("char1 is less than char2");
} else {
    System.out.println("char1 is greater than char2");
}

Explanation:

In this example, the Character.compare() method compares the Character objects ‘a’ and ‘b’. The output reflects the relative order of the characters based on their Unicode values.

Benefits of using compare():

Standardized Approach: Provides a consistent and reliable way to compare Character objects.
Unicode Support: Handles Unicode characters correctly, ensuring accurate comparisons across different languages.
Readability: Improves code readability by clearly indicating the intent of character comparison.

3.2. Using the `Character.compareTo()` Method

The compareTo() method is an instance method of the Character class that compares a Character object to another Character object. It returns an integer value indicating the relative order of the characters, similar to the compare() method.

0: If the characters are equal.
A negative value: If the first character is less than the second character.
A positive value: If the first character is greater than the second character.

Example:

Character char1 = new Character('a');
Character char2 = new Character('b');

int result = char1.compareTo(char2);

if (result == 0) {
    System.out.println("Characters are equal");
} else if (result < 0) {
    System.out.println("char1 is less than char2");
} else {
    System.out.println("char1 is greater than char2");
}

Explanation:

In this example, the compareTo() method is called on the char1 object to compare it to the char2 object. The output reflects the relative order of the characters based on their Unicode values.

Benefits of using Character.compareTo():

Object-Oriented Approach: Provides an object-oriented way to compare Character objects.
Unicode Support: Handles Unicode characters correctly, ensuring accurate comparisons across different languages.
Consistency: Consistent with the Comparable interface, which is used for sorting objects.

3.3. Using the `charValue()` Method

The charValue() method returns the primitive char value of a Character object. You can use this method to extract the primitive value and then use relational operators or the Character.compare() method to compare the characters.

Example:

Character char1 = new Character('a');
Character char2 = new Character('b');

char primitiveChar1 = char1.charValue();
char primitiveChar2 = char2.charValue();

if (primitiveChar1 < primitiveChar2) {
    System.out.println("char1 is less than char2");
}

Explanation:

In this example, the charValue() method is used to extract the primitive char values from the Character objects. The relational operator < is then used to compare the primitive values.

Benefits of using charValue():

Flexibility: Allows you to use primitive character comparison methods with Character objects.
Compatibility: Can be useful when working with code that expects primitive char values.

Limitations of using charValue():

Extra Step: Requires an extra step to extract the primitive value.
Potential for Errors: Can be prone to errors if you forget to extract the primitive value before comparing.

3.4. Using the `Objects.equals()` Method

The Objects.equals() method is a static method that checks if two objects are equal. It handles null values gracefully, preventing NullPointerException errors. When used with Character objects, it compares the underlying primitive char values.

Example:

Character char1 = new Character('a');
Character char2 = new Character('a');
Character char3 = null;

if (Objects.equals(char1, char2)) {
    System.out.println("char1 and char2 are equal");
}

if (!Objects.equals(char1, char3)) {
    System.out.println("char1 and char3 are not equal");
}

Explanation:

In this example, the Objects.equals() method is used to compare Character objects. It correctly identifies that char1 and char2 are equal and that char1 and char3 are not equal (because char3 is null).

Benefits of using Objects.equals():

Null-Safe: Handles null values gracefully, preventing NullPointerException errors.
Readability: Improves code readability by clearly indicating the intent of checking for equality.
General Purpose: Can be used to compare any type of object, not just Character objects.

4. Practical Examples of Character Comparison in Java

Character comparison is a fundamental building block for many Java applications. Let’s explore some practical examples of how character comparison is used in real-world scenarios on COMPARE.EDU.VN.

4.1. Checking if a String is a Palindrome

A palindrome is a string that reads the same backward as forward, such as “madam” or “racecar”. Character comparison is essential for determining if a string is a palindrome.

Example:

public class PalindromeChecker {

    public static boolean isPalindrome(String str) {
        str = str.toLowerCase(); // Ignore case
        int left = 0;
        int right = str.length() - 1;

        while (left < right) {
            if (str.charAt(left) != str.charAt(right)) {
                return false; // Characters don't match
            }
            left++;
            right--;
        }

        return true; // String is a palindrome
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str1 = "madam";
        String str2 = "Racecar";
        String str3 = "hello";

        System.out.println(str1 + " is a palindrome: " + isPalindrome(str1));
        System.out.println(str2 + " is a palindrome: " + isPalindrome(str2));
        System.out.println(str3 + " is a palindrome: " + isPalindrome(str3));
    }
}

Explanation:

This code defines a function isPalindrome() that checks if a given string is a palindrome. It uses character comparison to compare characters from both ends of the string, ignoring case. If any characters don’t match, the function returns false. Otherwise, it returns true.

Key Concepts:

charAt(): This method retrieves the character at a specific index in the string.
toLowerCase(): This method converts the string to lowercase, ensuring case-insensitive comparison.
Character Comparison: The != operator is used to compare characters for inequality.

4.2. Checking if a Character is a Vowel or Consonant

Another common application of character comparison is determining if a character is a vowel or a consonant.

Example:

public class VowelConsonantChecker {

    public static boolean isVowel(char ch) {
        ch = Character.toLowerCase(ch); // Ignore case
        return ch == 'a' || ch == 'e' || ch == 'i' || ch == 'o' || ch == 'u';
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        char ch1 = 'a';
        char ch2 = 'B';
        char ch3 = 'c';

        System.out.println(ch1 + " is a vowel: " + isVowel(ch1));
        System.out.println(ch2 + " is a vowel: " + isVowel(ch2));
        System.out.println(ch3 + " is a vowel: " + isVowel(ch3));
    }
}

Explanation:

This code defines a function isVowel() that checks if a given character is a vowel. It uses character comparison to compare the character to each of the vowels (‘a’, ‘e’, ‘i’, ‘o’, ‘u’), ignoring case. If the character matches any of the vowels, the function returns true. Otherwise, it returns false.

Key Concepts:

Character.toLowerCase(): This method converts the character to lowercase, ensuring case-insensitive comparison.
Character Comparison: The == operator is used to compare characters for equality.
Logical OR Operator (||): This operator combines multiple conditions, returning true if any of the conditions are true.

5. Choosing the Right Character Comparison Method

Selecting the appropriate character comparison method depends on several factors, including the type of data you are working with (primitive char or Character objects), the specific comparison operation you need to perform, and performance considerations.

Here’s a summary of the different methods and their suitability:

Method	Data Type	Comparison Type	Benefits	Limitations
`Character.compare()`	`char`, `Character`	Numerical	Standardized, Unicode support, Readable
Relational Operators	`char`	Numerical	Simple, Familiar, Potentially faster	Limited functionality, Potential for errors
`Character.hashCode()`	`char`	Equality		Hash collisions, Limited functionality, Not recommended for general comparison
`Character.compareTo()`	`Character`	Numerical	Object-oriented, Unicode support, Consistent with `Comparable` interface
`charValue()`	`Character`	Numerical	Flexibility, Compatibility	Extra step, Potential for errors
`Objects.equals()`	`Character`	Equality	Null-safe, Readable, General purpose

General Recommendations:

For most general-purpose character comparisons, the Character.compare() method is a good choice. It provides a standardized, reliable, and readable way to compare characters.
If you are working with primitive char values and need a simple and potentially faster comparison, relational operators may be suitable. However, be careful to avoid errors, especially when dealing with complex comparisons.
When comparing Character objects, the Character.compareTo() method provides an object-oriented approach that is consistent with the Comparable interface.
If you need to check for equality and want to handle null values gracefully, the Objects.equals() method is the best choice.
Avoid using the Character.hashCode() method for general character comparison due to the risk of hash collisions.

6. Advanced Character Comparison Techniques

Beyond the basic methods discussed above, there are some advanced techniques that can be used for more complex character comparison scenarios.

6.1. Case-Insensitive Comparison

Often, you need to compare characters without regard to their case. Java provides methods for converting characters to lowercase or uppercase, allowing you to perform case-insensitive comparisons.

Example:

char char1 = 'A';
char char2 = 'a';

if (Character.toLowerCase(char1) == Character.toLowerCase(char2)) {
    System.out.println("Characters are equal (case-insensitive)");
}

Explanation:

In this example, the Character.toLowerCase() method is used to convert both characters to lowercase before comparing them. This ensures that the comparison is case-insensitive.

6.2. Locale-Specific Comparison

Character comparison can be affected by the locale, which defines the language and cultural conventions used for sorting and comparing characters. Java provides the Collator class for performing locale-specific comparisons.

Example:

import java.text.Collator;
import java.util.Locale;

public class LocaleSpecificComparison {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str1 = "ß"; // German Eszett
        String str2 = "ss";

        // Default comparison (US locale)
        if (str1.compareTo(str2) == 0) {
            System.out.println("Strings are equal (US locale)");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Strings are not equal (US locale)");
        }

        // German locale comparison
        Collator collator = Collator.getInstance(new Locale("de", "DE"));
        if (collator.compare(str1, str2) == 0) {
            System.out.println("Strings are equal (German locale)");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Strings are not equal (German locale)");
        }
    }
}

Explanation:

In this example, the Collator class is used to perform a locale-specific comparison of the strings “ß” and “ss”. In the German locale, these strings are considered equal, while in the US locale, they are not.

6.3. Regular Expressions

Regular expressions are a powerful tool for pattern matching and character comparison. They allow you to define complex patterns and search for them within strings.

Example:

import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

public class RegularExpressionComparison {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String str = "Hello World";
        String pattern = "[a-zA-Z]+"; // Matches one or more letters

        Pattern regex = Pattern.compile(pattern);
        Matcher matcher = regex.matcher(str);

        while (matcher.find()) {
            System.out.println("Found: " + matcher.group());
        }
    }
}

Explanation:

In this example, a regular expression is used to find all sequences of letters in the string “Hello World”. The Pattern class is used to compile the regular expression, and the Matcher class is used to find matches within the string.

7. Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

Character comparison in Java can be tricky, and there are some common pitfalls that developers should be aware of. Let’s explore these pitfalls and how to avoid them on COMPARE.EDU.VN.

7.1. Ignoring Case

Failing to account for case sensitivity can lead to incorrect comparisons. Always use Character.toLowerCase() or Character.toUpperCase() to perform case-insensitive comparisons.

7.2. Incorrectly Using `hashCode()`

Relying on hashCode() for general character comparison can lead to false positives due to hash collisions. Use hashCode() only for equality checks and be aware of its limitations.

7.3. Neglecting Locale-Specific Comparisons

Ignoring locale-specific rules can lead to incorrect comparisons in internationalized applications. Use the Collator class to perform locale-sensitive comparisons when necessary.

7.4. Not Handling `null` Values

Failing to handle null values can lead to NullPointerException errors. Use Objects.equals() to compare Character objects and handle null values gracefully.

7.5. Using the Wrong Comparison Method

Choosing the wrong comparison method can lead to inefficient or incorrect code. Carefully consider the type of data you are working with and the specific comparison operation you need to perform before selecting a method.

8. Performance Considerations for Character Comparison

The performance of character comparison can be critical in performance-sensitive applications. Here are some performance considerations to keep in mind:

Primitive vs. Object Comparison: Primitive character comparison is generally faster than Character object comparison due to the overhead of object creation and method calls.
Relational Operators vs. Character.compare(): Relational operators can be slightly faster than Character.compare() in some cases, but the difference is usually negligible.
Regular Expressions: Regular expressions can be powerful but can also be performance-intensive. Use them judiciously and optimize them carefully.
String Length: Comparing long strings can be time-consuming. Consider using techniques like prefix matching or hashing to speed up the comparison process.

9. Character Encoding and Comparison

Character encoding plays a crucial role in character comparison, especially when dealing with different languages and character sets. Java uses Unicode as its internal character encoding, which supports a wide range of characters from different languages.

9.1. Unicode and UTF-8

Unicode is a character encoding standard that assigns a unique number (code point) to each character. UTF-8 is a variable-width encoding that represents Unicode code points using one to four bytes. It is the most common character encoding used on the internet.

9.2. Character Set Considerations

When comparing characters from different character sets, it is important to ensure that they are properly encoded in Unicode. Otherwise, the comparison may not produce the expected results.

9.3. Normalization

Unicode defines several normalization forms that ensure that equivalent characters are represented in the same way. Normalizing strings before comparing them can improve the accuracy of character comparison.

10. Conclusion: Mastering Character Comparison in Java

Character comparison is a fundamental skill for Java developers. By understanding the different methods for comparing characters, their benefits and limitations, and the common pitfalls to avoid, you can write efficient, reliable, and accurate code that handles character data effectively. COMPARE.EDU.VN is your go-to resource for mastering these techniques, providing comprehensive comparisons and practical examples to guide you.

10.1. Key Takeaways

Java provides various methods for comparing characters, including Character.compare(), relational operators, Character.compareTo(), Objects.equals(), and more.
The choice of method depends on the type of data you are working with, the specific comparison operation you need to perform, and performance considerations.
Be aware of common pitfalls such as ignoring case, incorrectly using hashCode(), neglecting locale-specific comparisons, and not handling null values.
Consider character encoding and normalization when comparing characters from different character sets.

10.2. Further Exploration on COMPARE.EDU.VN

COMPARE.EDU.VN offers a wealth of information and resources for mastering character comparison in Java. Explore our comprehensive comparisons of different methods, practical examples, and advanced techniques to enhance your skills and write better code.

10.3. Ready to Make Informed Decisions?

Navigating the complexities of character comparison can be challenging. Don’t let indecision hold you back. Visit COMPARE.EDU.VN today and unlock a world of detailed comparisons, expert reviews, and user insights. Make informed decisions with confidence and choose the perfect option for your needs.

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11. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: Can I compare characters in Java using the == operator?

Yes, you can compare primitive char values using the == operator. However, for Character objects, it’s better to use Objects.equals() to avoid NullPointerException.

Q2: How do I perform a case-insensitive character comparison in Java?

Use Character.toLowerCase() or Character.toUpperCase() to convert characters to the same case before comparing them.

Q3: What is the difference between Character.compare() and Character.compareTo()?

Character.compare() is a static method, while Character.compareTo() is an instance method. Both compare characters numerically, but compareTo() is called on a Character object.

Q4: How do I handle null values when comparing Character objects?

Use Objects.equals() to handle null values gracefully and avoid NullPointerException errors.

Q5: Is character comparison affected by the locale?

Yes, character comparison can be affected by the locale. Use the Collator class to perform locale-specific comparisons when necessary.

Q6: What is Unicode and why is it important for character comparison?

Unicode is a character encoding standard that supports a wide range of characters from different languages. It ensures that characters are represented consistently, which is crucial for accurate character comparison.

Q7: How can I optimize character comparison for performance?

Use primitive character comparison when possible, avoid unnecessary object creation, and optimize regular expressions carefully.

Q8: What is character normalization and why is it important?

Character normalization ensures that equivalent characters are represented in the same way. Normalizing strings before comparing them can improve the accuracy of character comparison.

Q9: Can I use regular expressions for character comparison in Java?

Yes, regular expressions are a powerful tool for pattern matching and character comparison. They allow you to define complex patterns and search for them within strings.

Q10: Where can I find more information and resources for mastering character comparison in Java?

Visit compare.edu.vn for comprehensive comparisons, practical examples, and advanced techniques to enhance your skills and write better code.

Can Java Chars Be Compared With: Methods & Examples

1. Understanding Character Comparison in Java

1.1. Why is Character Comparison Important?

1.2. Types of Character Comparison in Java

2. Comparing Primitive Characters in Java

2.1. Using the `Character.compare()` Method

2.2. Using Relational Operators (`<`, `>`, `==`, `!=`, `<=`, `>=`)

2.3. Using the `Character.hashCode()` Method

3. Comparing Character Objects in Java

3.1. Using the `compare()` Method

3.2. Using the `Character.compareTo()` Method

3.3. Using the `charValue()` Method

3.4. Using the `Objects.equals()` Method

4. Practical Examples of Character Comparison in Java

4.1. Checking if a String is a Palindrome

4.2. Checking if a Character is a Vowel or Consonant

5. Choosing the Right Character Comparison Method

6. Advanced Character Comparison Techniques

6.1. Case-Insensitive Comparison

6.2. Locale-Specific Comparison

6.3. Regular Expressions

7. Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

7.1. Ignoring Case

7.2. Incorrectly Using `hashCode()`

7.3. Neglecting Locale-Specific Comparisons

7.4. Not Handling `null` Values

7.5. Using the Wrong Comparison Method

8. Performance Considerations for Character Comparison

9. Character Encoding and Comparison

9.1. Unicode and UTF-8

9.2. Character Set Considerations

9.3. Normalization

10. Conclusion: Mastering Character Comparison in Java

10.1. Key Takeaways

10.2. Further Exploration on COMPARE.EDU.VN

10.3. Ready to Make Informed Decisions?

11. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Comments

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

1. Understanding Character Comparison in Java

1.1. Why is Character Comparison Important?

1.2. Types of Character Comparison in Java

2. Comparing Primitive Characters in Java

2.1. Using the Character.compare() Method

2.2. Using Relational Operators (<, >, ==, !=, <=, >=)

2.3. Using the Character.hashCode() Method

3. Comparing Character Objects in Java

3.1. Using the compare() Method

3.2. Using the Character.compareTo() Method

3.3. Using the charValue() Method

3.4. Using the Objects.equals() Method

4. Practical Examples of Character Comparison in Java

4.1. Checking if a String is a Palindrome

4.2. Checking if a Character is a Vowel or Consonant

5. Choosing the Right Character Comparison Method

6. Advanced Character Comparison Techniques

6.1. Case-Insensitive Comparison

6.2. Locale-Specific Comparison

6.3. Regular Expressions

7. Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

7.1. Ignoring Case

7.2. Incorrectly Using hashCode()

7.3. Neglecting Locale-Specific Comparisons

7.4. Not Handling null Values

7.5. Using the Wrong Comparison Method

8. Performance Considerations for Character Comparison

9. Character Encoding and Comparison

9.1. Unicode and UTF-8

9.2. Character Set Considerations

9.3. Normalization

10. Conclusion: Mastering Character Comparison in Java

10.1. Key Takeaways

10.2. Further Exploration on COMPARE.EDU.VN

10.3. Ready to Make Informed Decisions?

11. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Comments

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

2.1. Using the `Character.compare()` Method

2.2. Using Relational Operators (`<`, `>`, `==`, `!=`, `<=`, `>=`)

2.3. Using the `Character.hashCode()` Method

3.1. Using the `compare()` Method

3.2. Using the `Character.compareTo()` Method

3.3. Using the `charValue()` Method

3.4. Using the `Objects.equals()` Method

7.2. Incorrectly Using `hashCode()`

7.4. Not Handling `null` Values