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Can I Compare A String To 2 Values In C++?

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Comparing a string to two values in C++ involves determining if the string falls within a specific range or meets certain criteria against two distinct values; with compare.edu.vn, you gain clarity on the nuances of string comparison in C++, including ordinal and linguistic comparisons, case sensitivity, and culture-specific considerations, ensuring you make informed decisions. Dive in for a detailed exploration and practical examples, and discover the optimal methods for your specific requirements, enhanced by insights into string comparison techniques, and leveraging the capabilities of the C++ Standard Library.

1. What Is String Comparison In C++ And How Does It Work?

String comparison in C++ involves evaluating the relationship between two strings, determining if they are equal, or if not, which one comes before the other in lexicographical order.

String comparison in C++ is a fundamental operation that involves evaluating the relationship between two strings. This can involve determining if the strings are equal, or if they are not, establishing which one comes before the other in lexicographical order. C++ provides several ways to perform string comparisons, each with its own nuances and use cases. Understanding these methods is crucial for writing efficient and accurate code that handles string data correctly. The standard library offers tools that allow for both simple equality checks and more complex comparisons that take into account factors such as case sensitivity, cultural differences, and specific ordering requirements. This section will explore the various techniques available in C++ for comparing strings, highlighting their functionalities and demonstrating how they can be applied in different scenarios to achieve the desired outcome. By mastering these concepts, developers can ensure their applications handle string data effectively and reliably.

1.1 Methods for String Comparison

C++ offers several methods for comparing strings, each serving different purposes and offering varying levels of control.

  • Equality Operators (==, !=): These operators check for exact equality or inequality between two strings. They perform a character-by-character comparison and are case-sensitive.

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string str1 = "hello";
    std::string str2 = "hello";
    std::string str3 = "Hello";

    std::cout << (str1 == str2) << std::endl; // Output: 1 (true)
    std::cout << (str1 == str3) << std::endl; // Output: 0 (false)
    std::cout << (str1 != str3) << std::endl; // Output: 1 (true)

    return 0;
}

    These operators are straightforward and efficient for simple equality checks.

  • Relational Operators (<, >, <=, >=): These operators compare strings lexicographically, based on the ASCII values of their characters.

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string str1 = "apple";
    std::string str2 = "banana";

    std::cout << (str1 < str2) << std::endl; // Output: 1 (true)
    std::cout << (str1 > str2) << std::endl; // Output: 0 (false)

    return 0;
}

    The comparison is based on the first differing character. If one string is a prefix of the other, the shorter string is considered less than the longer one.

  • std::string::compare(): This member function provides more detailed comparison options, including specifying substrings and case-insensitive comparisons.

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string str1 = "hello";
    std::string str2 = "Hello";

    // Case-sensitive comparison
    int result1 = str1.compare(str2);
    std::cout << result1 << std::endl; // Output: 1 (str1 > str2)

    // Case-insensitive comparison (requires custom implementation)
    auto caseInsensitiveCompare = [](char a, char b) {
        return std::tolower(a) == std::tolower(b);
    };

    if (str1.size() == str2.size() &&
        std::equal(str1.begin(), str1.end(), str2.begin(), caseInsensitiveCompare)) {
        std::cout << "Strings are equal (case-insensitive)" << std::endl;
    } else {
        std::cout << "Strings are not equal (case-insensitive)" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    The compare() function returns 0 if the strings are equal, a negative value if the first string is less than the second, and a positive value if the first string is greater than the second.

  • std::char_traits::compare(): This function is used internally by std::string for comparisons. It compares character arrays and can be used for more low-level operations.

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cctype> // For std::tolower
#include <algorithm> // For std::equal

int main() {
    std::string str1 = "hello";
    std::string str2 = "Hello";

    // Case-sensitive comparison using std::char_traits::compare
    int result1 = std::char_traits<char>::compare(str1.c_str(), str2.c_str(), std::min(str1.size(), str2.size()));
    std::cout << result1 << std::endl; // Output: 1 (str1 > str2)

    // Case-insensitive comparison (requires custom implementation)
    auto caseInsensitiveCompare = [](char a, char b) {
        return std::tolower(a) == std::tolower(b);
    };

    if (str1.size() == str2.size() &&
        std::equal(str1.begin(), str1.end(), str2.begin(), caseInsensitiveCompare)) {
        std::cout << "Strings are equal (case-insensitive)" << std::endl;
    } else {
        std::cout << "Strings are not equal (case-insensitive)" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    This function is particularly useful when dealing with character arrays rather than std::string objects directly.

1.2 Importance of Choosing the Right Method

Choosing the right string comparison method depends on the specific requirements of the task:

  • Performance: For simple equality checks, the == operator is usually the most efficient.
  • Flexibility: The std::string::compare() function offers more flexibility when dealing with substrings or custom comparison criteria.
  • Case Sensitivity: The default comparisons are case-sensitive. For case-insensitive comparisons, you need to use custom functions or algorithms.

By understanding these methods and their nuances, developers can write more robust and efficient code for handling string data in C++.

2. How Can I Compare A String To See If It Falls Between Two Values In C++?

To compare a string against a range defined by two other strings in C++, you can use relational operators or the compare method to check if the string falls lexicographically between the two boundary values.

To determine if a string falls between two other strings in C++, you can leverage the relational operators (<, >, <=, >=) or the compare method. These tools allow you to check if a given string lies lexicographically within the range defined by two boundary strings. This approach is useful in scenarios such as validating user input, sorting data, or filtering records based on string values. Understanding how to effectively use these methods ensures that you can accurately and efficiently determine the position of a string within a specified range. This section provides detailed examples and explanations to help you implement this type of comparison in your C++ code.

2.1 Using Relational Operators

Relational operators can directly compare strings to determine their lexicographical order.

  • Basic Comparison: The following code checks if a string falls between two other strings:

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string lowerBound = "apple";
    std::string upperBound = "banana";
    std::string testString = "apricot";

    if (testString >= lowerBound && testString <= upperBound) {
        std::cout << testString << " is between " << lowerBound << " and " << upperBound << std::endl;
    } else {
        std::cout << testString << " is not between " << lowerBound << " and " << upperBound << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    This code snippet checks if testString is lexicographically greater than or equal to lowerBound and less than or equal to upperBound.

  • Inclusive and Exclusive Bounds: You can modify the conditions to include or exclude the bounds as needed.

    • Inclusive: testString >= lowerBound && testString <= upperBound
    • Exclusive: testString > lowerBound && testString < upperBound

2.2 Using the compare Method

The compare method provides a more explicit way to compare strings and can be useful for more complex scenarios.

  • Comparing with compare: The following example demonstrates how to use the compare method to check if a string falls between two others:

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string lowerBound = "apple";
    std::string upperBound = "banana";
    std::string testString = "apricot";

    if (testString.compare(lowerBound) >= 0 && testString.compare(upperBound) <= 0) {
        std::cout << testString << " is between " << lowerBound << " and " << upperBound << std::endl;
    } else {
        std::cout << testString << " is not between " << lowerBound << " and " << upperBound << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    This code uses the compare method to check if testString is greater than or equal to lowerBound and less than or equal to upperBound.

  • Return Values of compare: The compare method returns:

    • 0 if the strings are equal.
    • A negative value if the string is less than the compared string.
    • A positive value if the string is greater than the compared string.

2.3 Handling Case Sensitivity

Both relational operators and the compare method are case-sensitive by default. To perform case-insensitive comparisons, you need to convert the strings to the same case before comparing them.

  • Case-Insensitive Comparison: Here’s an example of a case-insensitive comparison:

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cctype>

std::string toLower(std::string str) {
    std::string result = str;
    std::transform(result.begin(), result.end(), result.begin(), ::tolower);
    return result;
}

int main() {
    std::string lowerBound = "Apple";
    std::string upperBound = "Banana";
    std::string testString = "apricot";

    std::string lowerBoundLower = toLower(lowerBound);
    std::string upperBoundLower = toLower(upperBound);
    std::string testStringLower = toLower(testString);

    if (testStringLower >= lowerBoundLower && testStringLower <= upperBoundLower) {
        std::cout << testString << " is between " << lowerBound << " and " << upperBound << " (case-insensitive)" << std::endl;
    } else {
        std::cout << testString << " is not between " << lowerBound << " and " << upperBound << " (case-insensitive)" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    This code converts all strings to lowercase before performing the comparison, ensuring that the case is ignored.

2.4 Considerations for Different Scenarios

  • Validating User Input: When validating user input, it’s important to handle edge cases and potential errors.

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <limits>

int main() {
    std::string input;
    std::cout << "Enter a string: ";
    std::getline(std::cin, input);

    std::string lowerBound = "alpha";
    std::string upperBound = "omega";

    if (input >= lowerBound && input <= upperBound) {
        std::cout << input << " is valid (between " << lowerBound << " and " << upperBound << ")" << std::endl;
    } else {
        std::cout << input << " is invalid (not between " << lowerBound << " and " << upperBound << ")" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    This example takes user input and checks if it falls within the specified range.

  • Sorting Data: When sorting data, consider using custom comparison functions to handle specific sorting requirements.

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

int main() {
    std::vector<std::string> data = {"banana", "apple", "cherry", "date"};

    std::sort(data.begin(), data.end(), [](const std::string& a, const std::string& b) {
        return a < b;
    });

    std::cout << "Sorted data: ";
    for (const auto& item : data) {
        std::cout << item << " ";
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;

    return 0;
}

    This code sorts a vector of strings in ascending order.

By using these methods and considering the nuances of case sensitivity and specific scenarios, you can effectively compare strings to see if they fall between two values in C++.

3. What Are Some Common Pitfalls When Comparing Strings In C++?

Common pitfalls in C++ string comparisons include case sensitivity issues, cultural differences, incorrect use of comparison functions, and neglecting null termination when working with C-style strings.

String comparisons in C++ can be tricky, and developers often encounter several common pitfalls. These include overlooking case sensitivity, ignoring cultural differences, misusing comparison functions, and neglecting null termination when dealing with C-style strings. These mistakes can lead to incorrect results and unexpected behavior in your code. Understanding and avoiding these pitfalls is essential for writing robust and reliable C++ applications that handle string data effectively. This section will explore these common issues in detail, providing practical examples and solutions to help you navigate the complexities of string comparison in C++.

3.1 Case Sensitivity

One of the most common issues is the case-sensitive nature of C++ string comparisons.

  • Problem: By default, C++ string comparisons are case-sensitive. This means that "apple" and "Apple" are considered different.

  • Example:

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string str1 = "apple";
    std::string str2 = "Apple";

    if (str1 == str2) {
        std::cout << "Strings are equal" << std::endl;
    } else {
        std::cout << "Strings are not equal" << std::endl; // This will be printed
    }

    return 0;
}

  • Solution: To perform case-insensitive comparisons, convert both strings to the same case before comparing.

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cctype>

std::string toLower(std::string str) {
    std::string result = str;
    std::transform(result.begin(), result.end(), result.begin(), ::tolower);
    return result;
}

int main() {
    std::string str1 = "apple";
    std::string str2 = "Apple";

    if (toLower(str1) == toLower(str2)) {
        std::cout << "Strings are equal (case-insensitive)" << std::endl; // This will be printed
    } else {
        std::cout << "Strings are not equal (case-insensitive)" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

3.2 Cultural Differences

Different cultures may have different rules for sorting and comparing strings.

  • Problem: Simple lexicographical comparisons may not work correctly for strings containing characters from different languages.

  • Example: In some languages, certain characters are treated differently during sorting.

  • Solution: Use locale-aware comparison functions. The <locale> library provides tools for handling cultural differences.

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <locale>
#include <algorithm>

int main() {
    std::string str1 = "straße"; // German string
    std::string str2 = "strasse"; // Standard string

    std::locale germanLocale("de_DE.UTF-8");

    // Use std::collate to compare strings with cultural sensitivity
    const std::collate<char>& coll = std::use_facet<std::collate<char>>(germanLocale);

    if (coll.compare(str1.data(), str1.data() + str1.length(),
                     str2.data(), str2.data() + str2.length()) == 0) {
        std::cout << "Strings are equal (culturally-aware)" << std::endl;
    } else {
        std::cout << "Strings are not equal (culturally-aware)" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    This example uses the std::collate facet to compare strings according to German locale rules.

3.3 Incorrect Use of Comparison Functions

Misunderstanding the behavior of comparison functions can lead to incorrect results.

  • Problem: Using == to compare C-style strings (character arrays) compares the pointers, not the string content.

  • Example:

    #include <iostream>
#include <cstring>

int main() {
    const char* str1 = "hello";
    const char* str2 = "hello";

    if (str1 == str2) {
        std::cout << "Strings are equal" << std::endl; // May or may not be printed (depends on compiler optimization)
    } else {
        std::cout << "Strings are not equal" << std::endl; // May or may not be printed (depends on compiler optimization)
    }

    return 0;
}

  • Solution: Use strcmp to compare C-style strings.

    #include <iostream>
#include <cstring>

int main() {
    const char* str1 = "hello";
    const char* str2 = "hello";

    if (std::strcmp(str1, str2) == 0) {
        std::cout << "Strings are equal" << std::endl; // This will be printed
    } else {
        std::cout << "Strings are not equal" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

3.4 Neglecting Null Termination

C-style strings must be null-terminated.

  • Problem: Forgetting to null-terminate a character array can lead to reading beyond the bounds of the array when using functions like strcmp.

  • Example:

    #include <iostream>
#include <cstring>

int main() {
    char str1[5] = {'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'}; // Missing null terminator
    char str2[5] = {'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'}; // Missing null terminator

    // Undefined behavior: strcmp might read beyond the bounds of the arrays
    if (std::strcmp(str1, str2) == 0) {
        std::cout << "Strings are equal" << std::endl;
    } else {
        std::cout << "Strings are not equal" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

  • Solution: Always ensure that C-style strings are null-terminated.

    #include <iostream>
#include <cstring>

int main() {
    char str1[6] = {'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ''}; // Null-terminated
    char str2[6] = {'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ''}; // Null-terminated

    if (std::strcmp(str1, str2) == 0) {
        std::cout << "Strings are equal" << std::endl; // This will be printed
    } else {
        std::cout << "Strings are not equal" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

3.5 Comparing std::string with C-Style Strings

Mixing std::string and C-style strings can sometimes lead to confusion.

  • Problem: Directly comparing a std::string with a C-style string using == is allowed, but it’s important to understand the behavior.

  • Example:

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main() {
    std::string str1 = "hello";
    const char* str2 = "hello";

    if (str1 == str2) {
        std::cout << "Strings are equal" << std::endl; // This will be printed
    } else {
        std::cout << "Strings are not equal" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

  • Solution: Be mindful of the types you are comparing and use the appropriate comparison methods. When comparing a std::string with a C-style string, C++ implicitly converts the C-style string to a std::string for the comparison.

By being aware of these common pitfalls and following the recommended solutions, you can avoid errors and ensure accurate string comparisons in your C++ programs.

4. How Do I Perform Case-Insensitive String Comparison In C++?

To perform case-insensitive string comparison in C++, convert both strings to the same case (upper or lower) before comparing them using standard comparison methods.

Performing case-insensitive string comparisons in C++ involves converting both strings to a common case (either upper or lower) before conducting the comparison. This ensures that differences in case do not affect the outcome. Several techniques can be used to achieve this, including using standard library functions and custom implementations. Understanding these methods allows you to implement effective case-insensitive comparisons in your applications. This section will explore various approaches to case-insensitive string comparison, providing detailed examples and explanations.

4.1 Using std::transform and std::tolower

The most common approach is to use std::transform along with std::tolower to convert strings to lowercase before comparing them.

  • Example:

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cctype>

std::string toLower(std::string str) {
    std::string result = str;
    std::transform(result.begin(), result.end(), result.begin(), ::tolower);
    return result;
}

int main() {
    std::string str1 = "Hello";
    std::string str2 = "hello";

    if (toLower(str1) == toLower(str2)) {
        std::cout << "Strings are equal (case-insensitive)" << std::endl; // This will be printed
    } else {
        std::cout << "Strings are not equal (case-insensitive)" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    In this example, the toLower function converts both strings to lowercase before comparing them.

  • Explanation:

    • std::transform applies a function to a range of elements and stores the result in another range.
    • ::tolower is a C function that converts a character to its lowercase equivalent.
    • The function toLower creates a new string with all characters converted to lowercase.

4.2 Using std::transform and std::toupper

Alternatively, you can convert strings to uppercase using std::toupper.

  • Example:

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cctype>

std::string toUpper(std::string str) {
    std::string result = str;
    std::transform(result.begin(), result.end(), result.begin(), ::toupper);
    return result;
}

int main() {
    std::string str1 = "Hello";
    std::string str2 = "hello";

    if (toUpper(str1) == toUpper(str2)) {
        std::cout << "Strings are equal (case-insensitive)" << std::endl; // This will be printed
    } else {
        std::cout << "Strings are not equal (case-insensitive)" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    This code converts both strings to uppercase before comparing them.

4.3 Custom Comparison Function

You can also create a custom comparison function that compares characters in a case-insensitive manner.

  • Example:

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
#include <algorithm>

bool caseInsensitiveEquals(const std::string& str1, const std::string& str2) {
    if (str1.length() != str2.length()) {
        return false;
    }
    return std::equal(str1.begin(), str1.end(), str2.begin(),
                      [](char c1, char c2) {
                          return std::tolower(c1) == std::tolower(c2);
                      });
}

int main() {
    std::string str1 = "Hello";
    std::string str2 = "hello";

    if (caseInsensitiveEquals(str1, str2)) {
        std::cout << "Strings are equal (case-insensitive)" << std::endl; // This will be printed
    } else {
        std::cout << "Strings are not equal (case-insensitive)" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    This code defines a custom function caseInsensitiveEquals that compares two strings character by character, ignoring case.

  • Explanation:

    • The caseInsensitiveEquals function first checks if the lengths of the strings are equal. If not, it returns false.
    • std::equal compares two ranges, applying a custom comparison function to each pair of elements.
    • The lambda expression [](char c1, char c2) { return std::tolower(c1) == std::tolower(c2); } defines the case-insensitive comparison logic.

4.4 Using std::collate_byname (Locale-Aware Comparison)

For more complex scenarios involving different locales, you can use std::collate_byname.

  • Example:

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <locale>
#include <algorithm>

bool caseInsensitiveEqualsLocale(const std::string& str1, const std::string& str2, const std::locale& loc) {
    if (str1.length() != str2.length()) {
        return false;
    }
    const std::collate<char>& coll = std::use_facet<std::collate<char>>(loc);
    return coll.compare(str1.data(), str1.data() + str1.length(),
                          str2.data(), str2.data() + str2.length()) == 0;
}

int main() {
    std::string str1 = "Hello";
    std::string str2 = "hello";
    std::locale loc("en_US.UTF-8");

    if (caseInsensitiveEqualsLocale(str1, str2, loc)) {
        std::cout << "Strings are equal (case-insensitive, locale-aware)" << std::endl; // This may or may not be printed
    } else {
        std::cout << "Strings are not equal (case-insensitive, locale-aware)" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    This example uses std::collate_byname to perform a locale-aware comparison, which may provide more accurate results for certain languages.

  • Explanation:

    • std::locale is used to create a locale object, specifying the cultural context for the comparison.
    • std::use_facet retrieves the std::collate facet from the locale, which provides the comparison logic.
    • The compare method of the std::collate facet is used to compare the strings.

4.5 Performance Considerations

When performing case-insensitive comparisons, consider the performance implications of each approach:

  • Converting strings to lowercase or uppercase using std::transform creates new strings, which can be inefficient if the strings are large or the comparison is performed frequently.
  • Custom comparison functions that compare characters one by one can be more efficient if you only need to compare a small number of strings.
  • Locale-aware comparisons are generally slower than simple case conversions but provide more accurate results for different languages.

By understanding these methods and their trade-offs, you can choose the most appropriate approach for performing case-insensitive string comparisons in your C++ applications.

5. How Can I Use Regular Expressions For String Comparison In C++?

Regular expressions in C++ provide a powerful way to perform complex string comparisons, including pattern matching, validation, and extraction of specific substrings.

Regular expressions in C++ offer a sophisticated way to perform string comparisons that go beyond simple equality checks. They allow you to define patterns and match them against strings, enabling complex validation, substring extraction, and flexible comparison logic. The <regex> library provides the necessary tools to work with regular expressions in C++. This section will explore how to use regular expressions for string comparison in C++, providing detailed examples and explanations.

5.1 Basic Regular Expression Matching

The simplest use case is to check if a string matches a given regular expression.

  • Example:

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <regex>

int main() {
    std::string text = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog";
    std::regex pattern("fox");

    if (std::regex_search(text, pattern)) {
        std::cout << "Pattern found in the text" << std::endl; // This will be printed
    } else {
        std::cout << "Pattern not found in the text" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    This code checks if the string text contains the pattern "fox".

  • Explanation:

    • std::regex represents a regular expression.
    • std::regex_search searches the string for any occurrence of the regular expression.

5.2 Exact Matching

To perform an exact match, you can use the ^ and $ anchors to indicate the start and end of the string, respectively.

  • Example:

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <regex>

int main() {
    std::string text = "hello";
    std::regex pattern("^hello$");

    if (std::regex_match(text, pattern)) {
        std::cout << "Text matches the pattern exactly" << std::endl; // This will be printed
    } else {
        std::cout << "Text does not match the pattern exactly" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    This code checks if the string text is exactly equal to "hello".

  • Explanation:

    • ^ matches the start of the string.
    • $ matches the end of the string.
    • std::regex_match checks if the entire string matches the regular expression.

5.3 Case-Insensitive Matching

To perform case-insensitive matching, you can use the std::regex_constants::icase flag when constructing the regular expression.

  • Example:

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <regex>

int main() {
    std::string text = "Hello";
    std::regex pattern("hello", std::regex_constants::icase);

    if (std::regex_match(text, pattern)) {
        std::cout << "Text matches the pattern (case-insensitive)" << std::endl; // This will be printed
    } else {
        std::cout << "Text does not match the pattern (case-insensitive)" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    This code checks if the string text is equal to "hello", ignoring case.

  • Explanation:

    • std::regex_constants::icase is a flag that makes the regular expression case-insensitive.

5.4 Complex Pattern Matching

Regular expressions can be used to match more complex patterns, such as email addresses, phone numbers, or specific formats.

  • Example:

    #include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <regex>

int main() {
    std::string email = "test@example.com";
    std::regex pattern("^[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$");

    if (std::regex_match(email, pattern)) {
        std::cout << "Email is valid" << std::endl; // This will be printed
    } else {
        std::cout << "Email is invalid" << std::endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

    This code checks if the string email is a valid email address.

  • Explanation:

    • [a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+ matches one or more alphanumeric characters, dots, underscores, percentage signs,

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