Can I Compare Multiple Conditions at Once JS?

Can I compare multiple conditions at once using JavaScript? COMPARE.EDU.VN provides detailed comparisons of various coding techniques, and understanding how to effectively evaluate multiple conditions in JavaScript can simplify your code and improve its readability. Exploring conditional logic and multi-condition evaluations will help you make informed coding decisions.

1. Understanding Conditional Statements in JavaScript

Conditional statements are fundamental building blocks in JavaScript that allow you to control the flow of execution in your code based on whether certain conditions are true or false. These statements enable you to make decisions and execute different blocks of code depending on the outcome of these conditions. The primary conditional statement in JavaScript is the if statement, which can be extended with else if and else clauses to handle multiple scenarios.

1.1 The Basic if Statement

The if statement evaluates a condition enclosed in parentheses. If the condition is true, the code block within the if statement is executed. If the condition is false, the code block is skipped.

let age = 20;
if (age >= 18) {
  console.log("You are an adult.");
}

In this example, the condition age >= 18 is checked. Since age is 20, the condition is true, and the message “You are an adult.” is printed to the console.

1.2 The else Statement

The else statement is used in conjunction with the if statement. It provides an alternative code block to execute when the condition in the if statement is false.

let age = 16;
if (age >= 18) {
  console.log("You are an adult.");
} else {
  console.log("You are a minor.");
}

Here, the condition age >= 18 is false because age is 16. As a result, the code block within the else statement is executed, and the message “You are a minor.” is printed.

1.3 The else if Statement

The else if statement allows you to check multiple conditions in a sequence. It is placed between the if and else statements. Each else if statement has its own condition that is evaluated only if the preceding if or else if conditions are false.

let score = 75;
if (score >= 90) {
  console.log("Excellent!");
} else if (score >= 80) {
  console.log("Very good!");
} else if (score >= 70) {
  console.log("Good!");
} else {
  console.log("Needs improvement.");
}

In this case, the conditions are checked in order. The first condition score >= 90 is false, so the next condition score >= 80 is checked. This is also false, so the else if (score >= 70) condition is checked, which is true. Thus, the message “Good!” is printed.

1.4 Nesting Conditional Statements

You can also nest conditional statements within each other to create more complex decision-making logic.

let age = 25;
let isStudent = true;

if (age >= 18) {
  console.log("You are an adult.");
  if (isStudent) {
    console.log("You are also a student.");
  } else {
    console.log("You are not a student.");
  }
} else {
  console.log("You are a minor.");
}

In this example, the outer if statement checks if the person is an adult. If so, the inner if statement checks if they are also a student.

1.5 Ternary Operator

The ternary operator is a shorthand way of writing a simple if-else statement. It is represented by the ? symbol and requires three operands: a condition, an expression to return if the condition is true, and an expression to return if the condition is false.

let age = 20;
let status = (age >= 18) ? "Adult" : "Minor";
console.log(status); // Output: Adult

This is equivalent to:

let age = 20;
let status;
if (age >= 18) {
  status = "Adult";
} else {
  status = "Minor";
}
console.log(status); // Output: Adult

Conditional statements are essential for creating dynamic and responsive JavaScript code. They allow your program to react differently based on varying inputs and conditions, making your applications more versatile and user-friendly. By mastering these fundamental concepts, you can write more efficient and effective code.

2. Logical Operators: AND, OR, and NOT

Logical operators are essential tools in JavaScript for combining and manipulating boolean expressions. They allow you to create complex conditions that evaluate multiple factors before making a decision in your code. The three primary logical operators are AND (&&), OR (||), and NOT (!).

2.1 The AND Operator (&&)

The AND operator (&&) is used to combine two or more conditions, and it returns true only if all the conditions are true. If any of the conditions are false, the entire expression evaluates to false.

Syntax:

condition1 && condition2 && ... && conditionN

Example:

let age = 25;
let hasLicense = true;

if (age >= 18 && hasLicense) {
  console.log("You are eligible to drive.");
} else {
  console.log("You are not eligible to drive.");
}

In this example, both conditions age >= 18 and hasLicense must be true for the message “You are eligible to drive.” to be printed. If either the age is less than 18 or the person does not have a license, the else block will be executed.

2.2 The OR Operator (||)

The OR operator (||) is used to combine two or more conditions, and it returns true if at least one of the conditions is true. The entire expression evaluates to false only if all conditions are false.

Syntax:

condition1 || condition2 || ... || conditionN

Example:

let isWeekend = true;
let isHoliday = false;

if (isWeekend || isHoliday) {
  console.log("It's time to relax!");
} else {
  console.log("Back to work!");
}

Here, if either isWeekend or isHoliday is true, the message “It’s time to relax!” is printed. Only if both are false will the else block be executed.

2.3 The NOT Operator (!)

The NOT operator (!) is a unary operator that negates a condition. If a condition is true, the NOT operator makes it false, and vice versa.

Syntax:

!condition

Example:

let isLoggedIn = false;

if (!isLoggedIn) {
  console.log("Please log in.");
} else {
  console.log("Welcome!");
}

In this case, !isLoggedIn evaluates to true because isLoggedIn is false. Thus, the message “Please log in.” is printed.

2.4 Combining Logical Operators

You can combine these logical operators to create more complex conditions. It’s important to use parentheses to ensure the conditions are evaluated in the intended order.

Example:

let age = 17;
let hasPermission = true;
let isSupervised = false;

if ((age >= 18 || hasPermission) && !isSupervised) {
  console.log("You are allowed to enter.");
} else {
  console.log("You are not allowed to enter.");
}

In this example, the condition (age >= 18 || hasPermission) checks if the person is either 18 or older, or has permission. If either of these is true, and if the person is not supervised (!isSupervised), then the message “You are allowed to enter.” is printed.

2.5 Short-Circuit Evaluation

JavaScript uses short-circuit evaluation with logical operators. This means that the evaluation of the expression stops as soon as the result is known.

• With the AND operator (&&), if the first condition is false, the rest of the conditions are not evaluated because the entire expression will be false regardless.
• With the OR operator (||), if the first condition is true, the rest of the conditions are not evaluated because the entire expression will be true regardless.

Understanding and using logical operators effectively is crucial for creating flexible and robust JavaScript applications. They enable you to handle a wide range of conditions and make informed decisions in your code. Visit COMPARE.EDU.VN for more detailed comparisons and insights on JavaScript techniques.

3. Comparing Multiple Conditions with if Statements

Using if statements to compare multiple conditions is a common practice in JavaScript programming. This approach allows you to create complex decision-making processes in your code by evaluating various factors simultaneously. By combining if, else if, and else statements with logical operators, you can handle a wide range of scenarios efficiently.

3.1 Using the AND Operator (&&) in if Statements

The AND operator (&&) is used to ensure that multiple conditions must be true for a specific code block to execute. This is particularly useful when you need to validate that several criteria are met before proceeding.

Example:

let temperature = 25;
let isSunny = true;

if (temperature > 20 && isSunny) {
  console.log("It's a beautiful day!");
} else {
  console.log("The weather is not ideal.");
}

In this example, the message “It’s a beautiful day!” will only be printed if both the temperature is above 20 degrees and it is sunny. If either condition is false, the else block will be executed.

3.2 Using the OR Operator (||) in if Statements

The OR operator (||) allows you to execute a code block if at least one of the specified conditions is true. This is useful when you want to provide alternative pathways based on different criteria.

Example:

let isStudent = true;
let isSenior = false;

if (isStudent || isSenior) {
  console.log("You are eligible for a discount.");
} else {
  console.log("No discount available.");
}

Here, if either isStudent or isSenior is true, the message “You are eligible for a discount.” will be displayed. If both conditions are false, the else block will be executed.

3.3 Combining AND and OR Operators

You can combine both AND and OR operators to create more complex conditions. It’s essential to use parentheses to define the order of operations and ensure that the conditions are evaluated correctly.

Example:

let age = 65;
let isMember = true;
let purchaseAmount = 100;

if ((age > 60 || isMember) && purchaseAmount > 50) {
  console.log("You qualify for an additional discount.");
} else {
  console.log("No additional discount.");
}

In this scenario, the condition (age > 60 || isMember) checks if the person is either older than 60 or is a member. If this condition is true, and the purchase amount is also greater than 50, then the message “You qualify for an additional discount.” is printed.

3.4 Using else if for Multiple Conditions

The else if statement is useful when you need to evaluate a series of conditions in sequence. Each else if condition is checked only if the preceding if or else if conditions are false.

Example:

let grade = 85;

if (grade >= 90) {
  console.log("A");
} else if (grade >= 80) {
  console.log("B");
} else if (grade >= 70) {
  console.log("C");
} else if (grade >= 60) {
  console.log("D");
} else {
  console.log("F");
}

In this example, the code checks the value of grade and prints the corresponding letter grade. The conditions are evaluated in order, and the first true condition determines the output.

3.5 Nesting if Statements

Nesting if statements involves placing one if statement inside another. This allows you to create hierarchical decision-making processes where conditions are evaluated based on the outcome of outer conditions.

Example:

let isLoggedIn = true;
let isAdmin = true;

if (isLoggedIn) {
  console.log("Welcome!");
  if (isAdmin) {
    console.log("You have admin privileges.");
  } else {
    console.log("You are a regular user.");
  }
} else {
  console.log("Please log in.");
}

Here, the outer if statement checks if the user is logged in. If so, the inner if statement checks if the user is an admin.

By effectively using if statements and logical operators, you can create robust and flexible JavaScript code that handles a wide array of conditions. Visit COMPARE.EDU.VN for more comparisons and guidance on JavaScript programming techniques.

4. Switch Statements: An Alternative to Multiple if-else

Switch statements provide a structured way to handle multiple conditions based on the value of a single expression. They can often be a cleaner and more readable alternative to using multiple if-else if-else statements, especially when dealing with a fixed set of possible values.

4.1 Basic Structure of a Switch Statement

The basic structure of a switch statement involves an expression that is evaluated once. The value of this expression is then compared against the values of multiple case clauses. If a match is found, the code block associated with that case is executed.

Syntax:

switch (expression) {
  case value1:
    // Code to execute if expression === value1
    break;
  case value2:
    // Code to execute if expression === value2
    break;
  ...
  case valueN:
    // Code to execute if expression === valueN
    break;
  default:
    // Code to execute if no case matches the expression
}

• switch (expression): The expression is evaluated once and its value is used for comparison.
• case value1:: Each case clause specifies a value to compare against the expression.
• // Code to execute: The code block that is executed if the expression matches the case value.
• break;: The break statement is crucial. It terminates the switch statement and prevents the code from “falling through” to the next case.
• default:: The default clause is optional. It specifies a code block to execute if none of the case values match the expression.

4.2 Example of a Switch Statement

Consider a scenario where you want to print different messages based on the day of the week.

let day = "Wednesday";

switch (day) {
  case "Monday":
    console.log("Start of the work week.");
    break;
  case "Tuesday":
    console.log("Second day of the work week.");
    break;
  case "Wednesday":
    console.log("Mid-week point.");
    break;
  case "Thursday":
    console.log("Almost there!");
    break;
  case "Friday":
    console.log("TGIF!");
    break;
  default:
    console.log("It's the weekend!");
}

In this example, the switch statement evaluates the value of the day variable. Since day is “Wednesday”, the code block associated with the “Wednesday” case is executed, and the message “Mid-week point.” is printed to the console.

4.3 Importance of the break Statement

The break statement is essential in a switch statement. Without it, the code will continue to execute the code blocks of the subsequent case clauses, even if they don’t match the expression. This is known as “fall-through.”

Example without break:

let number = 2;

switch (number) {
  case 1:
    console.log("One");
  case 2:
    console.log("Two");
  case 3:
    console.log("Three");
  default:
    console.log("Default");
}

In this case, the output would be:

Two
Three
Default

This is because after executing the code for case 2, the execution “falls through” to case 3 and default because there are no break statements.

4.4 Using Multiple Cases for the Same Code Block

Sometimes, you might want to execute the same code block for multiple case values. In such cases, you can list the case values consecutively without a break statement until the code block.

Example:

let month = "December";

switch (month) {
  case "December":
  case "January":
  case "February":
    console.log("Winter season");
    break;
  case "March":
  case "April":
  case "May":
    console.log("Spring season");
    break;
  case "June":
  case "July":
  case "August":
    console.log("Summer season");
    break;
  default:
    console.log("Autumn season");
}

Here, if the month is “December”, “January”, or “February”, the message “Winter season” is printed.

4.5 Default Case

The default case is optional but highly recommended. It provides a fallback option when none of the case values match the expression. This can help handle unexpected or invalid input and prevent your code from behaving unpredictably.

Switch statements are a powerful alternative to multiple if-else statements, offering a structured and readable way to handle multiple conditions. By understanding the syntax and usage of switch statements, you can write more efficient and maintainable JavaScript code. COMPARE.EDU.VN offers detailed comparisons and insights on various coding techniques to help you make informed decisions.

5. Best Practices for Writing Clear and Efficient Conditional Statements

Writing clear and efficient conditional statements is crucial for creating maintainable and performant JavaScript code. Poorly written conditional logic can lead to confusion, bugs, and performance issues. By following best practices, you can ensure that your conditional statements are easy to understand, modify, and optimize.

5.1 Keep Conditions Simple and Readable

Complex conditions can be difficult to understand and debug. Break down complex conditions into smaller, more manageable parts. Use descriptive variable names to make the conditions more self-explanatory.

Example of a complex condition:

if (age > 18 && (isStudent || hasDiscountCode) && !isExpired(date)) {
  // Complex logic
}

Improved version:

let isAdult = age > 18;
let canGetDiscount = isStudent || hasDiscountCode;
let isStillValid = !isExpired(date);

if (isAdult && canGetDiscount && isStillValid) {
  // Simplified logic
}

5.2 Use Truthy and Falsy Values Effectively

JavaScript has the concept of “truthy” and “falsy” values, which can simplify your conditions. Instead of explicitly checking if a value is equal to true or false, you can directly use the value in the condition.

Falsy values:

• false
• 0 (zero)
• "" (empty string)
• null
• undefined
• NaN

Truthy values:

• Any value that is not falsy

Example:

let name = "John";

if (name) {
  console.log("Name is provided.");
} else {
  console.log("Name is not provided.");
}

5.3 Avoid Deeply Nested Conditional Statements

Deeply nested conditional statements can make your code difficult to read and understand. Try to reduce nesting by using techniques such as:

• Early return: Return early from a function if a condition is not met.
• Guard clauses: Use if statements to check for invalid conditions at the beginning of a function and return early if necessary.
• Refactoring: Break down complex functions into smaller, more manageable functions.

Example of deeply nested conditions:

function processData(data) {
  if (data) {
    if (data.isValid) {
      if (data.value > 0) {
        // Process the data
      } else {
        console.log("Value must be positive.");
      }
    } else {
      console.log("Data is not valid.");
    }
  } else {
    console.log("Data is null or undefined.");
  }
}

Improved version using early return:

function processData(data) {
  if (!data) {
    console.log("Data is null or undefined.");
    return;
  }

  if (!data.isValid) {
    console.log("Data is not valid.");
    return;
  }

  if (data.value <= 0) {
    console.log("Value must be positive.");
    return;
  }

  // Process the data
}

5.4 Use switch Statements for Multiple Discrete Values

When dealing with multiple discrete values for a single expression, switch statements can provide a more structured and readable alternative to multiple if-else if-else statements.

Example:

let color = "blue";

switch (color) {
  case "red":
    console.log("The color is red.");
    break;
  case "blue":
    console.log("The color is blue.");
    break;
  case "green":
    console.log("The color is green.");
    break;
  default:
    console.log("The color is unknown.");
}

5.5 Be Mindful of Performance

Conditional statements can impact the performance of your code, especially if they are executed frequently. Consider the following tips to optimize performance:

• Order conditions logically: Place the most likely conditions first to reduce the number of evaluations.
• Avoid unnecessary computations: Perform expensive computations only when necessary.
• Use lookup tables: For complex conditions with a fixed set of values, consider using a lookup table (e.g., an object or a map) for faster lookups.

By following these best practices, you can write conditional statements that are clear, efficient, and maintainable, leading to better overall code quality. Visit COMPARE.EDU.VN for more comparisons and guidance on JavaScript programming techniques.

6. Advanced Techniques for Comparing Multiple Conditions

In JavaScript, there are several advanced techniques for comparing multiple conditions that can help you write more concise, readable, and efficient code. These techniques include using array methods, bitwise operators, and custom functions.

6.1 Using Array Methods for Multiple Conditions

Array methods like Array.prototype.every() and Array.prototype.some() can be particularly useful when you need to check multiple conditions against a set of values.

Array.prototype.every()

The every() method tests whether all elements in the array pass the test implemented by the provided function. It returns true if all elements pass the test; otherwise, it returns false.

Example:

let numbers = [10, 12, 14, 16, 18];

let allEven = numbers.every(function(number) {
  return number % 2 === 0;
});

console.log(allEven); // Output: true

Array.prototype.some()

The some() method tests whether at least one element in the array passes the test implemented by the provided function. It returns true if at least one element passes the test; otherwise, it returns false.

Example:

let numbers = [1, 3, 5, 8, 9];

let hasEven = numbers.some(function(number) {
  return number % 2 === 0;
});

console.log(hasEven); // Output: true

6.2 Using Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators can be used for comparing multiple boolean conditions in a compact way, although they might be less readable for those unfamiliar with bitwise operations.

Example:

let hasPermission = true;
let isLoggedIn = true;
let isAdmin = false;

let combinedPermissions = (hasPermission ? 1 : 0) | (isLoggedIn ? 2 : 0) | (isAdmin ? 4 : 0);

if (combinedPermissions & 1) {
  console.log("Has permission");
}
if (combinedPermissions & 2) {
  console.log("Is logged in");
}
if (combinedPermissions & 4) {
  console.log("Is admin");
}

6.3 Using Custom Functions for Complex Logic

When you have complex conditional logic that is repeated in multiple places, it can be beneficial to encapsulate that logic into a custom function. This improves code readability, maintainability, and reusability.

Example:

function isEligibleForLoan(age, creditScore, income) {
  let isAdult = age >= 18;
  let hasGoodCredit = creditScore > 700;
  let hasSufficientIncome = income > 50000;

  return isAdult && hasGoodCredit && hasSufficientIncome;
}

let age = 30;
let creditScore = 750;
let income = 60000;

if (isEligibleForLoan(age, creditScore, income)) {
  console.log("Eligible for loan");
} else {
  console.log("Not eligible for loan");
}

6.4 Using Lookup Tables for Efficient Comparisons

Lookup tables (also known as dictionaries or maps) can be used for efficient comparisons when you have a fixed set of values and corresponding outcomes.

Example:

let fruit = "apple";

let fruitColors = {
  "apple": "red",
  "banana": "yellow",
  "grape": "purple"
};

let color = fruitColors[fruit] || "unknown";
console.log(color); // Output: red

6.5 Using Regular Expressions for Pattern Matching

Regular expressions are powerful tools for pattern matching and can be used to compare complex string patterns.

Example:

let email = "[email protected]";
let emailPattern = /^[^s@]+@[^s@]+.[^s@]+$/;

if (emailPattern.test(email)) {
  console.log("Valid email");
} else {
  console.log("Invalid email");
}

By leveraging these advanced techniques, you can write more sophisticated and efficient conditional statements in JavaScript. These techniques can help you handle complex logic, improve code readability, and optimize performance. Remember to visit COMPARE.EDU.VN for more detailed comparisons and insights on JavaScript coding practices.

7. Common Mistakes to Avoid When Comparing Multiple Conditions

When comparing multiple conditions in JavaScript, it’s easy to make mistakes that can lead to unexpected behavior and bugs in your code. Being aware of these common pitfalls can help you write more robust and reliable conditional statements.

7.1 Incorrect Use of Logical Operators

One of the most common mistakes is using the wrong logical operator or misunderstanding how they work.

Mistake:

let age = 15;
let hasPermission = true;

if (age > 18 || hasPermission) {
  console.log("Allowed");
} else {
  console.log("Not allowed");
}

In this case, the intention might be to allow access only if the person is over 18 and has permission. However, the OR operator (||) will allow access if either condition is true. The correct operator should be AND (&&).

Correct:

let age = 15;
let hasPermission = true;

if (age > 18 && hasPermission) {
  console.log("Allowed");
} else {
  console.log("Not allowed");
}

7.2 Neglecting Operator Precedence

JavaScript has specific rules for operator precedence, which determines the order in which operators are evaluated. Neglecting these rules can lead to incorrect results.

Mistake:

let a = 10;
let b = 20;
let c = 30;

if (a > b && a > c || b > c) {
  console.log("Condition is true");
} else {
  console.log("Condition is false");
}

In this case, the && operator has higher precedence than the || operator. The condition is evaluated as (a > b && a > c) || (b > c). To ensure the intended order of evaluation, use parentheses.

Correct:

let a = 10;
let b = 20;
let c = 30;

if ((a > b && a > c) || (b > c)) {
  console.log("Condition is true");
} else {
  console.log("Condition is false");
}

7.3 Confusing Assignment with Equality

Another common mistake is confusing the assignment operator (=) with the equality operator (== or ===).

Mistake:

let isLoggedIn = false;

if (isLoggedIn = true) {
  console.log("Logged in");
} else {
  console.log("Not logged in");
}

In this case, isLoggedIn = true assigns the value true to isLoggedIn, and the condition evaluates to true. The correct operator should be === for strict equality.

Correct:

let isLoggedIn = false;

if (isLoggedIn === true) {
  console.log("Logged in");
} else {
  console.log("Not logged in");
}

7.4 Ignoring Truthy and Falsy Values

Failing to understand truthy and falsy values can lead to unexpected behavior.

Mistake:

let name = "";

if (name == true) {
  console.log("Name is provided");
} else {
  console.log("Name is not provided");
}

In this case, an empty string "" is a falsy value, so the condition name == true will always be false. A better approach is to directly use the variable in the condition.

Correct:

let name = "";

if (name) {
  console.log("Name is provided");
} else {
  console.log("Name is not provided");
}

7.5 Overcomplicating Conditions

Complex conditions can be difficult to understand and debug. Break down complex conditions into smaller, more manageable parts and use descriptive variable names.

Mistake:

if (age > 18 && gender === "male" && (country === "USA" || country === "Canada") && isLoggedIn) {
  // Complex logic
}

Improved version:

let isAdult = age > 18;
let isMale = gender === "male";
let isNorthAmerican = country === "USA" || country === "Canada";

if (isAdult && isMale && isNorthAmerican && isLoggedIn) {
  // Simplified logic
}

By avoiding these common mistakes, you can write more accurate and reliable conditional statements in JavaScript. Always double-check your conditions, use the correct operators, and strive for clarity and simplicity in your code. For more insights and comparisons, visit compare.edu.vn.

8. Case Studies: Real-World Examples of Comparing Multiple Conditions

To illustrate the practical application of comparing multiple conditions in JavaScript, let’s explore several real-world case studies. These examples will demonstrate how to use conditional statements and logical operators to solve common programming challenges.

8.1 Case Study 1: E-commerce Product Filtering

In an e-commerce application, users often need to filter products based on multiple criteria such as price range, category, and availability.

Scenario:
Implement a function that filters products based on the following conditions:

• The product must be within a specified price range.
• The product must belong to a specified category.
• The product must be in stock.

Code:

function filterProducts(products, minPrice, maxPrice, category, inStock) {
  return products.filter(function(product) {
    let priceCondition = product.price >= minPrice && product.price <= maxPrice;
    let categoryCondition = product.category === category;
    let stockCondition = inStock ? product.inStock : true;

    return priceCondition && categoryCondition && stockCondition;
  });
}

let products = [
  { name: "Laptop", price: 1200, category: "Electronics", inStock: true },
  { name: "Keyboard", price: 75, category: "Electronics", inStock: true },
  { name: "T-shirt", price: 25, category: "Apparel", inStock: true },
  { name: "Mouse", price: 30, category: "Electronics", inStock: false }
];

let filteredProducts = filterProducts(products, 50, 1500, "Electronics", true);
console.log(filteredProducts);

8.2 Case Study 2: Form Validation

Form validation is a crucial part of web development. It involves checking whether the user input meets specific criteria before submitting the form.

Scenario:
Implement a function that validates a form with the following conditions:

• The name field must not be empty.
• The email field must be a valid email address.
• The password field must be at least 8 characters long.

Code:

function validateForm(name, email, password) {
  let nameCondition = name !== "";
  let emailCondition = /^[^s@]+@[^s@]+.[^s@]+$/.test(email);
  let passwordCondition = password.length >= 8;

  return nameCondition && emailCondition && passwordCondition;
}

let name = "John Doe";
let email = "[email protected]";
let password = "securePassword";

if (validateForm(name, email, password)) {
  console.log("Form is valid");
} else {
  console.log("Form is invalid");
}

8.3 Case Study 3: User Authentication

User authentication involves verifying the identity of a user before granting access to protected resources.

Scenario:
Implement a