Bike gearing is the system that allows you to change the ratio between how fast you pedal and how far your bike travels. At COMPARE.EDU.VN, we help you understand and Compare Bike Gearing options to find the best setup for your needs. Comparing bike gearing involves analyzing gear ratios, range, and component compatibility to optimize performance for different riding conditions.
1. Understanding Bike Gearing: Gear Range and Ratios
1.1. Gear Inches & Understanding Your Gear Ratios
Gear inches provide a simple way to compare different chainring and cassette combinations across various bikes. Calculating gear inches involves multiplying the wheel diameter by the front chainring size and then dividing by the rear cog size. This calculation enables comparison between bikes with different wheel sizes and drivetrain configurations. For a touring bike, a low gear of 18 inches is excellent, while a high gear of 113 inches is suitable.
1.2. Gear Inch Comparisons Across Drivetrains
Comparing gear inches across different drivetrain types helps you understand the range and suitability for different riding styles. Here’s how touring triple cranksets (48-36-24) with a range of 18-113 inches compare to other drivetrains:
- Typical road bike gearing:
- Traditional Road: 53x39t with 11-23t = 44 to 126 inches
- Semi-Compact: 52x36t with 12-25t = 38 to 114 inches
- Compact: 50x34t with 12-25t = 33 to 110 inches
- Compact w/ Long Cage: 50x34t with 11-32t = 28 to 119 inches
- Road Triple: 50x39x30t with 12-27t = 29 to 110 inches
- Typical cyclocross gearing:
- Traditional CX: 46x36t with 12-30t = 32 to 104 inches
- CX1: 38t with 11-36t = 28 to 93 inches
- Typical MTB gearing:
- Single: 32t with 11-40t = 22 to 79 inches
- Single XX1: 32t with 10-42t = 21 to 89 inches
- Double: 38x24t with 11-36t = 19 to 96 inches
- Triple: 42x32x24t with 11x36t = 19 to 106 inches
- Internally geared hubs:
- Alfine 8s: 38t with a 20t = 27 to 84 inches
- Alfine 11s: 38t with a 20t = 27 to 111 inches
- Rohloff 14s: 40t with a 16t = 19 to 100 inches
1.3. Suggested Gear Ratios for Bicycle Touring
The ideal gear ratios for bicycle touring depend on the terrain, your experience, and your strength. Here’s a guide for an average rider seeking sufficient gears for hill climbs:
- No panniers: 33 to 110 inches
- Panniers with 5kg: 29 to 110 inches
- Panniers with 10kg: 25 to 110 inches
- Panniers with 20kg or more: 20 to 100 inches
- Off-Road Touring: 18 to 100 inches
1.4. The Disadvantage of Wide Range Gears
Wider gear ranges are beneficial for touring bikes but come with larger gaps between each gear. These gaps are more noticeable on flat terrain, making it challenging to find the perfect cadence. While not a problem for all cycle tourists, those primarily doing flat tours may want to consider narrower-range cassettes for finer cadence control.
2. Bike Gearing Components
2.1. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Speed
Modern drivetrains use 9, 10, 11, and 12-speed chains, cassettes, and chainrings. Although manufacturers are phasing out 7 and 8-speed drivetrains, lower-quality spare parts remain available. Despite narrower chains, drivetrains with more gears are strong and reliable. Note that 11-speed drivetrains require a wider cassette body, which may cause compatibility issues with older wheels.
Another issue with running 10 and 11-speed on touring bikes is that access to these parts may be limited in some areas around the world.
2.2. Front Cranksets
2.2.1. Touring Cranksets
Touring cranksets offer a wider range of gears compared to mountain or road bike cranksets. Typically, the smallest chainring is 24t, and the largest is 48t, with a 36t for middle gears. These cranksets require a long-cage MTB derailleur to accommodate the significant differences in chainring sizes.
2.2.2. One, Two, or Three Chainrings
Touring bikes commonly use three chainrings, but advancements in crankset and cassette technology allow for wide gear ranges with single and double chainring setups. Most MTB double cranksets provide enough ratios for climbing hills with panniers. Single chainring drivetrains may sacrifice some high or low gears compared to 2x or 3x setups and are best suited for light touring on relatively flat terrain.
2.2.3. Splined Cranksets
Some manufacturers, like White Industries, use a splined interface to mount chainrings onto cranks instead of bolt-on chainrings. This system allows for various chainring configurations with a maximum 24-tooth gap between the largest and smallest chainrings (e.g., 48x24t or 50x26t). This system matches the range of a triple touring crankset.
2.2.4. Bolt Circle Diameter (BCD)
BCD is the bolt measurement used for different types of chainrings. MTB and road chainrings are incompatible due to BCD differences, as are traditional and compact road chainrings.
Standard chainring BCD sizes:
- 104/64bcd: MTB 4-arm cranksets
- 110bcd: Compact and semi-compact 5-arm road cranksets
- 130bcd: Traditional 5-arm road cranksets
- 130/74bcd: Road triple 5-arm cranksets
- 135bcd: Campagnolo 5-arm road cranksets (including triple)
2.3. Bottom Brackets
The bottom bracket (BB) is the bearing interface on which the crankset spins. BBs screw directly into the threaded BB shell on a bike frame. Older BBs are known as square taper systems, which are reliable, and spare parts are widely available.
External BBs also screw into the BB shell, but with larger bearings positioned outside the shell. These systems are stiff and reliable. Some cyclists have reported cycling up to 20,000 km before needing to replace them. External BBs are standard for many modern road and mountain bike cranksets.
The latest technology for bottom brackets is press-fit, where bearings are pressed rather than threaded into the bottom bracket shell. This is becoming popular on cyclocross, road, and mountain bikes, but less common on touring-specific bikes.
2.4. Cassettes
Cassettes are becoming wider to accommodate the cycling industry’s shift away from triple-chainring drivetrains. Wide cassettes now enable successful touring on double chainring setups.
2.4.1. Road and MTB Cassettes
Standard road cassettes typically max out at 27t, but some now reach 32t (requiring a long cage road derailleur). MTB cassettes range from 11-32t to 11-36t (long cage MTB derailleur required for double and triple setups).
2.4.2. Wide-Range Cassettes
Shimano and SRAM have introduced cassettes with 40t and 42t cogs, designed primarily for mountain bikes with a single front chainring. The SRAM cassette requires a specific hub with an XD driver, while the Shimano cassette fits onto existing 11-speed hubs.
2.4.3. 11-speed Cassettes
Fitting an 11-speed cassette requires a wider freehub body. Verify hub compatibility before setup.
2.4.4. Cassette Modification for a Bigger Range
Companies offer modifications to convert regular 10-speed 11-36 cassettes into 11-40t by replacing smaller cogs (16t or 17t) with larger ones (40t or 42t). This setup is proven for single drivetrains.
2.5. Derailleurs
Not all derailleurs are compatible with all cassettes and chainrings. Derailleur cage length varies based on the cassette used. Triple drivetrains must use a long cage derailleur.
- Short Cage Derailleurs: Accept cassettes up to 28-30t.
- Long Cage Road Derailleurs: Accept cassettes up to 32t.
- Long Cage MTB Derailleurs: Accept cassettes up to 40t.
- SRAM 1×11 Derailleurs: Should only be used with their 10-42t cassette.
2.6. Internal Geared Hubs and Gearboxes
Internally geared hubs often have a smaller gear range compared to touring cranksets and wide-range cassettes. The Rohloff hub comes closest with a 526% range from the smallest to largest gear. Shimano’s Nexus 8-speed has a 309% range, and the 11-speed has 411%.
2.6.1. Shimano Hubs
The minimum gear ratio for Shimano hubs is 1.9:1. A 26-inch 8-speed bike has gears as low as 26-79 inches, while a 700c bike goes as low as 27-84 inches. A 26-inch 11-speed bike has gears as low as 26-105 inches, and a 700c bike goes as low as 27-111 inches.
2.6.2. Rohloff Hubs
The minimum gear ratio for Rohloff hubs is 2.5:1. On a 26-inch Rohloff bike, you can get as low as 15-95 inches, and on a 700c bike, you’ll get 19-102 inches.
2.6.3. Pinion Gearboxes
Pinion gearboxes have a vast range (636%), offering both lower and higher gears than Rohloff hubs.
3. Bike Gearing and Cycling in Remote Areas
In the western world, finding high-quality spare parts for 7, 8, and 9-speed drivetrains is becoming difficult. Conversely, in other parts of the world, accessing modern 10, 11 and 12-speed components can be challenging.
If you plan a long adventure through remote areas, consider using 9 or 10-speed drivetrains for better part availability. Chains, cassettes, chain links, and chainrings are more commonly found.
4. Factors Influencing Bike Gearing Choices
4.1. Terrain and Route
The type of terrain you’ll be riding on significantly influences your bike gearing choices. Hilly or mountainous routes require lower gears for easier climbing, while flat terrains benefit from higher gears for maintaining speed. Consider the steepest gradients you’ll encounter and choose a gear range that allows comfortable climbing without excessive effort. For mixed terrains, a wider gear range provides versatility.
4.2. Load and Luggage
The amount of load you carry affects the effort required to pedal. Touring cyclists carrying heavy panniers need lower gears to manage the extra weight, especially on inclines. Determine the maximum weight you’ll be carrying and select gears accordingly. Lighter loads allow for higher gear ratios and faster speeds on flat surfaces.
4.3. Fitness Level and Riding Style
Your fitness level and riding style play a crucial role in selecting the right bike gearing. Experienced and strong riders may prefer higher gear ratios for faster speeds, while less experienced riders benefit from lower gears for easier pedaling. Consider your preferred cadence and choose gears that allow you to maintain a comfortable rhythm. If you enjoy spinning at a high cadence, opt for lower gears.
4.4. Wheel Size
Wheel size affects the distance covered per pedal stroke. Bikes with larger wheels (e.g., 700c) cover more distance per revolution, requiring higher gear ratios compared to bikes with smaller wheels (e.g., 26 inches). Adjust your gearing accordingly to maintain optimal pedaling efficiency.
4.5. Personal Preferences
Personal preferences, such as preferred cadence and gear shifting style, should also be considered. Some riders prefer tightly spaced gears for fine-tuning cadence, while others prefer wider gaps for simplicity. Experiment with different gear combinations to find what works best for you.
5. Optimizing Bike Gearing for Different Riding Conditions
5.1. Climbing
For climbing steep hills, lower gears are essential. Ensure your bike has a “granny gear” with a low gear ratio to make climbing easier. Consider using a triple crankset or a wide-range cassette for maximum versatility. Maintain a consistent cadence and avoid excessive strain on your knees.
5.2. Flat Terrain
On flat terrain, higher gears allow you to maintain speed with less effort. Choose a gear ratio that allows you to pedal comfortably without spinning out. Consider using a closer-ratio cassette for finer cadence adjustments. Maintain a steady pace and avoid sudden bursts of speed.
5.3. Descending
Descending requires higher gears to avoid spinning out and maintain control. Choose a gear ratio that allows you to pedal comfortably without exceeding your maximum cadence. Use caution when descending at high speeds and avoid sudden braking.
5.4. Headwinds
Riding into headwinds requires lower gears to maintain speed. Choose a gear ratio that allows you to pedal comfortably without excessive effort. Maintain a consistent cadence and avoid fighting the wind. Consider using aerodynamic components to reduce wind resistance.
5.5. Tailwinds
Riding with tailwinds allows you to use higher gears and increase speed. Choose a gear ratio that allows you to pedal comfortably without spinning out. Maintain a steady pace and enjoy the extra speed.
6. Maintaining and Upgrading Bike Gearing
6.1. Regular Maintenance
Regular maintenance is essential for maintaining optimal bike gearing performance. Clean and lubricate your chain, cassette, and chainrings regularly to reduce friction and wear. Inspect your cables and housings for damage and replace them as needed. Check your derailleur alignment and adjust it if necessary.
6.2. Chain Replacement
Replace your chain regularly to prevent wear on your cassette and chainrings. Use a chain wear indicator to determine when it’s time to replace your chain. Replacing your chain early can significantly extend the lifespan of your other drivetrain components.
6.3. Cassette and Chainring Replacement
Replace your cassette and chainrings when they become worn to maintain optimal shifting performance. Signs of wear include skipping, slipping, and poor shifting. Replacing your cassette and chainrings together can ensure smooth and reliable shifting.
6.4. Derailleur Adjustment
Adjust your derailleurs regularly to ensure smooth and precise shifting. Use the barrel adjusters on your derailleurs to fine-tune the cable tension. If you’re not comfortable adjusting your derailleurs yourself, take your bike to a professional mechanic.
6.5. Upgrading Components
Upgrading your bike gearing components can improve performance and extend the lifespan of your drivetrain. Consider upgrading to a higher-quality cassette, chainrings, or derailleurs for smoother shifting and increased durability.
7. Bike Gearing and Cadence
7.1. Understanding Cadence
Cadence is the number of pedal revolutions per minute (RPM). Maintaining an optimal cadence can improve efficiency and reduce fatigue. Experiment with different cadences to find what works best for you.
7.2. Optimal Cadence for Different Riding Conditions
The optimal cadence varies depending on the riding conditions. On flat terrain, a cadence of 80-90 RPM is generally recommended. When climbing, a slightly lower cadence of 70-80 RPM may be more efficient.
7.3. Using Bike Gearing to Maintain Optimal Cadence
Use your bike gearing to maintain an optimal cadence in different riding conditions. Shift gears to adjust the resistance and maintain a consistent RPM. Avoid excessive grinding in high gears or spinning out in low gears.
7.4. Cadence Sensors and Computers
Use cadence sensors and computers to monitor your RPM in real-time. These devices can provide valuable feedback and help you maintain an optimal cadence. Consider using a bike computer with cadence tracking for training and performance analysis.
8. Bike Gearing and Efficiency
8.1. Minimizing Friction
Minimizing friction is essential for maximizing efficiency. Keep your chain, cassette, and chainrings clean and lubricated to reduce friction. Use high-quality components with smooth bearings and minimal resistance.
8.2. Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics play a crucial role in efficiency, especially at higher speeds. Use aerodynamic components, such as aero bars and deep-section wheels, to reduce wind resistance. Wear tight-fitting clothing to minimize drag.
8.3. Tire Pressure
Maintaining optimal tire pressure can improve efficiency. Use a tire pressure gauge to ensure your tires are properly inflated. Avoid over-inflating or under-inflating your tires, as this can increase rolling resistance.
8.4. Riding Position
Adopting an efficient riding position can improve efficiency. Position yourself comfortably on the bike and avoid excessive leaning or slouching. Use your core muscles to stabilize your body and maintain a smooth pedal stroke.
9. Common Bike Gearing Mistakes and How to Avoid Them
9.1. Cross-Chaining
Cross-chaining occurs when you use the smallest chainring with the smallest cog or the largest chainring with the largest cog. This can cause excessive wear on your chain and cassette. Avoid cross-chaining by shifting to a more appropriate gear combination.
9.2. Grinding in High Gears
Grinding in high gears can cause excessive strain on your knees and lead to fatigue. Avoid grinding by shifting to a lower gear and maintaining a consistent cadence. Use your gears to adjust the resistance and avoid excessive effort.
9.3. Spinning Out in Low Gears
Spinning out in low gears can be inefficient and lead to a loss of momentum. Avoid spinning out by shifting to a higher gear and maintaining a comfortable cadence. Use your gears to adjust the resistance and avoid excessive RPM.
9.4. Neglecting Maintenance
Neglecting maintenance can lead to poor shifting performance and premature wear on your drivetrain components. Regularly clean and lubricate your chain, cassette, and chainrings to maintain optimal performance.
9.5. Using the Wrong Gear for the Terrain
Using the wrong gear for the terrain can lead to fatigue and inefficiency. Choose a gear that allows you to maintain a consistent cadence and avoid excessive effort. Use your gears to adjust the resistance and adapt to changing terrain.
10. Bike Gearing FAQs
10.1. What is the best bike gearing for climbing hills?
The best bike gearing for climbing hills is a low gear ratio that allows you to maintain a comfortable cadence without excessive effort.
10.2. What is the best bike gearing for flat terrain?
The best bike gearing for flat terrain is a higher gear ratio that allows you to maintain speed with less effort.
10.3. How do I calculate gear inches?
Calculate gear inches by multiplying the wheel diameter by the front chainring size and dividing by the rear cog size.
10.4. What is cross-chaining?
Cross-chaining occurs when you use the smallest chainring with the smallest cog or the largest chainring with the largest cog.
10.5. How often should I replace my chain?
Replace your chain regularly to prevent wear on your cassette and chainrings, typically every 2,000 to 3,000 miles.
10.6. How do I adjust my derailleurs?
Adjust your derailleurs using the barrel adjusters on the derailleurs to fine-tune the cable tension.
10.7. What is cadence?
Cadence is the number of pedal revolutions per minute (RPM).
10.8. What is the optimal cadence for cycling?
The optimal cadence for cycling is generally between 80 and 90 RPM.
10.9. How can I improve my cycling efficiency?
Improve cycling efficiency by minimizing friction, optimizing aerodynamics, maintaining optimal tire pressure, and adopting an efficient riding position.
10.10. What are the signs of a worn cassette or chainring?
Signs of a worn cassette or chainring include skipping, slipping, and poor shifting.
Selecting the right bike gearing is crucial for optimizing performance and enjoying your rides. By understanding gear ratios, considering your riding conditions, and maintaining your components, you can find the perfect gearing setup for your needs. For more detailed comparisons and expert advice, visit COMPARE.EDU.VN at 333 Comparison Plaza, Choice City, CA 90210, United States, or contact us via WhatsApp at +1 (626) 555-9090. Let us help you make the best choice! Are you struggling to compare different bike gearing options? Visit COMPARE.EDU.VN for detailed and objective comparisons to help you make an informed decision. Our comprehensive guides and reviews will simplify the process and ensure you find the perfect setup for your needs.
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